从全球能量守恒看宇宙学
Cosmology from conservation of global energy
摘要：
有人认为，标准宇宙学的许多问题和含糊之处来自一个单一的问题：违反标准范式中的能量守恒。标准宇宙学满足局部能量守恒，但忽略了能量固有的全局方面。因此，我们探讨保守的准本地Misner-Sharp能源内的因果视界，这，因为我们认为，必然是一个明显的地平线。Misner-Sharp能量假定存在任意的质能。然而，它的守恒产生了“空的”de Sitter（开放，平坦，封闭）作为单一的宇宙学解，其中Misner-Sharp总能量作为宇宙学常数，曲率能量的来源是未知的。有人认为，德西特只是显然空的物质。也就是说，总的物质能量在德西特开口中作为曲率能量标度，这导致宇宙势的演化并引起引力时间膨胀。时间曲率完全解释了外在曲率，即，使德西特在空间上变得平坦。这解释了众所周知的，令人惊讶的，Misner-Sharp能量的空间平坦性，即使非本征曲率非零。从Misner-Sharp能量的广义相对论推导被一个退缩和特殊能量的马赫方程所证实，该方程明确地假设了物质的存在。这种关系模型增强了解释能力。时间膨胀的德西特是空间平坦的，动态接近$Λ$ CDM，并被证明是没有和谐宇宙学的概念问题。
英文摘要：
It is argued that many of the problems and ambiguities of standard cosmology derive from a single one: violation of conservation of energy in the standard paradigm. Standard cosmology satisfies conservation of local energy, however disregards the inherent global aspect of energy. We therefore explore conservation of the quasi-local Misner-Sharp energy within the causal horizon, which, as we argue, is necessarily an apparent horizon. Misner-Sharp energy assumes the presence of arbitrary mass-energy. Its conservation, however, yields "empty" de Sitter (open, flat, closed) as single cosmological solution, where Misner-Sharp total energy acts as cosmological constant and where the source of curvature energy is unidentified. It is argued that de Sitter is only apparently empty of matter. That is, total matter energy scales as curvature energy in open de Sitter, which causes evolution of the cosmic potential and induces gravitational time dilation. Curvature of time accounts completely for the extrinsic curvature, i.e., renders open de Sitter spatially flat. This explains the well known, surprising, spatial flatness of Misner-Sharp energy, even if extrinsic curvature is non-zero. The general relativistic derivation from Misner-Sharp energy is confirmed by a Machian equation of recessional and peculiar energy, which explicitly assumes the presence of matter. This relational model enhances interpretation. Time-dilated open de Sitter is spatially flat, dynamically close to $Λ$CDM, and is shown to be without the conceptual problems of concordance cosmology.
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