关于地能级增强的脉冲形状
On the Pulse Shape of Ground Level Enhancements
摘要：
我们研究的时间强度分布，或脉冲形状，宇宙线地电平增强（GLE）的上升$(τ_\mathrm{r})$和衰减$(τ_\mathrm{d})$时间计算的一个小子集的所有可用的事件。虽然这些数量显示非常大的事件间的变化，线性依赖的$τ_\mathrm{d} \approx 3.5 τ_\mathrm{r}$被发现。我们解释这些观测结果的行星际运输模型，从而包括散射（在俯仰角）的影响，因为这些粒子从（附近）太阳传播到地球。结果表明，这样的模型可以占所观察到的脉冲形状的趋势，说明行星际运输时，必须考虑到研究GLE事件，特别是他们的时间配置文件。此外，取决于模型参数，GLE的脉冲形状可能完全由行星际散射确定，模糊了关于初始加速过程的所有信息，因此使脉冲和渐进事件之间的分类，如传统上所做的，是多余的。
英文摘要：
We study the temporal intensity profile, or pulse shape, of cosmic ray ground level enhancements (GLEs) by calculating the rise $(τ_\mathrm{r})$ and decay $(τ_\mathrm{d})$ times for a small subset of all available events. Although these quantities show very large inter-event variability, a linear dependence of $τ_\mathrm{d} \approx 3.5 τ_\mathrm{r}$ is found. We interpret these observational findings in terms of an interplanetary transport model, thereby including the effects of scattering (in pitch-angle) as these particles propagate from (near) the Sun to Earth. It is shown that such a model can account for the observed trends in the pulse shape, illustrating that interplanetary transport must be taken into account when studying GLE events, especially their temporal profiles. Furthermore, depending on the model parameters, the pulse shape of GLEs may be determined entirely by interplanetary scattering, obscuring all information regarding the initial acceleration process, and hence making a classification between impulsive and gradual events, as is traditionally done, superfluous.
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