The population of TeV pulsar wind nebulae in the H.E.S.S. Galactic Plane Survey
H. E. S. S. Collaboration, :, H. Abdalla, A. Abramowski, F. Aharonian, F. Ait Benkhali, A. G. Akhperjanian, T. Andersson, E. O. Angüner, M. Arrieta, P. Aubert, … 展开作者
H. E. S. S. Collaboration, :, H. Abdalla, A. Abramowski, F. Aharonian, F. Ait Benkhali, A. G. Akhperjanian, T. Andersson, E. O. Angüner, M. Arrieta, P. Aubert, M. Backes, A. Balzer, M. Barnard, Y. Becherini, J. Becker Tjus, D. Berge, S. Bernhard, K. Bernlöhr, R. Blackwell, M. Böttcher, C. Boisson, J. Bolmont, P. Bordas, J. Bregeon, F. Brun, P. Brun, M. Bryan, T. Bulik, M. Capasso, J. Carr, S. Carrigan, S. Casanova, M. Cerruti, N. Chakraborty, R. Chalme-Calvet, R. C. G. Chaves, A. Chen, J. Chevalier, M. Chrétien, S. Colafrancesco, G. Cologna, B. Condon, J. Conrad, C. Couturier, Y. Cui, I. D. Davids, B. Degrange, C. Deil, J. Devin, P. deWilt, L. Dirson, A. Djannati-Ataï, W. Domainko, A. Donath, L. O'C. Drury, G. Dubus, K. Dutson, J. Dyks, T. Edwards, K. Egberts, P. Eger, J. -P. Ernenwein, S. Eschbach, C. Farnier, S. Fegan, M. V. Fernandes, A. Fiasson, G. Fontaine, A. Förster, S. Funk, M. Füßling, S. Gabici, M. Gajdus, Y. A. Gallant, T. Garrigoux, G. Giavitto, B. Giebels, J. F. Glicenstein, D. Gottschall, A. Goyal, M. -H. Grondin, D. Hadasch, J. Hahn, M. Haupt, J. Hawkes, G. Heinzelmann, G. Henri, G. Hermann, O. Hervet, A. Hillert, J. A. Hinton, W. Hofmann, C. Hoischen, M. Holler, D. Horns, A. Ivascenko, A. Jacholkowska, M. Jamrozy, M. Janiak, D. Jankowsky, F. Jankowsky, M. Jingo, T. Jogler, L. Jouvin, I. Jung-Richardt, M. A. Kastendieck, K. Katarzyński, U. Katz, D. Kerszberg, B. Khélifi, M. Kieffer, J. King, S. Klepser, D. Klochkov, W. Kluźniak, D. Kolitzus, Nu. Komin, K. Kosack, S. Krakau, M. Kraus, F. Krayzel, P. P. Krüger, H. Laffon, G. Lamanna, J. Lau, J. -P. Lees, J. Lefaucheur, V. Lefranc, A. Lemière, M. Lemoine-Goumard, J. -P. Lenain, E. Leser, T. Lohse, M. Lorentz, R. Liu, R. López-Coto, I. Lypova, V. Marandon, A. Marcowith, C. Mariaud, R. Marx, G. Maurin, N. Maxted, M. Mayer, P. J. Meintjes, M. Meyer, A. M. W. Mitchell, R. Moderski, M. Mohamed, L. Mohrmann, K. Morå, E. Moulin, T. Murach, M. de Naurois, F. Niederwanger, J. Niemiec, L. Oakes, P. O'Brien, H. Odaka, S. Öttl, S. Ohm, E. de Oña Wilhelmi, M. Ostrowski, I. Oya, M. Padovani, M. Panter, R. D. Parsons, M. Paz Arribas, N. W. Pekeur, G. Pelletier, C. Perennes, P. -O. Petrucci, B. Peyaud, S. Pita, H. Poon, D. Prokhorov, H. Prokoph, G. Pühlhofer, M. Punch, A. Quirrenbach, S. Raab, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, M. Renaud, R. de los Reyes, F. Rieger, C. Romoli, S. Rosier-Lees, G. Rowell, B. Rudak, C. B. Rulten, V. Sahakian, D. Salek, D. A. Sanchez, A. Santangelo, M. Sasaki, R. Schlickeiser, F. Schüssler, A. Schulz, U. Schwanke, S. Schwemmer, M. Settimo, A. S. Seyffert, N. Shafi, I. Shilon, R. Simoni, H. Sol, F. Spanier, G. Spengler, F. Spies, Ł. Stawarz, R. Steenkamp, C. Stegmann, F. Stinzing, K. Stycz, I. Sushch, J. -P. Tavernet, T. Tavernier, A. M. Taylor, R. Terrier, L. Tibaldo, D. Tiziani, M. Tluczykont, C. Trichard, R. Tuffs, Y. Uchiyama, K. Valerius, D. J. van der Walt, C. van Eldik, B. van Soelen, G. Vasileiadis, J. Veh, C. Venter, A. Viana, P. Vincent, J. Vink, F. Voisin, H. J. Völk, T. Vuillaume, Z. Wadiasingh, S. J. Wagner, P. Wagner, R. M. Wagner, R. White, A. Wierzcholska, P. Willmann, A. Wörnlein, D. Wouters, R. Yang, V. Zabalza, D. Zaborov, M. Zacharias, A. A. Zdziarski, A. Zech, F. Zefi, A. Ziegler, N. Żywucka
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28 pages, 12 figures, 8 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A
The nine-year H.E.S.S. Galactic Plane Survey (HGPS) yielded the most uniform observation scan of the inner Milky Way in the TeV gamma-ray band to date. The sky maps and source catalogue of the HGPS allow for a systematic study of the population of TeV pulsar wind nebulae found throughout the last decade. To investigate the nature and evolution of pulsar wind nebulae, for the first time we also present several upper limits for regions around pulsars without a detected TeV wind nebula. Our data exhibit a correlation of TeV surface brightness with pulsar spin-down power $\dot{E}$. This seems to be caused both by an increase of extension with decreasing $\dot{E}$, and hence with time, compatible with a power law $R_\mathrm{PWN}(\dot{E}) \sim \dot{E}^{-0.65 \pm 0.20}$, and by a mild decrease of TeV gamma-ray luminosity with decreasing $\dot{E}$, compatible with $L_{1-10\,\mathrm{TeV}} \sim \dot{E}^{0.59 \pm 0.21}$. We also find that the offsets of pulsars with respect to the wind nebula centres with ages around 10 kyr are frequently larger than can be plausibly explained by pulsar proper motion and could be due to an asymmetric environment. In the present data, it seems that a large pulsar offset is correlated with a high apparent TeV efficiency $L_{1-10\,\mathrm{TeV}}/\dot{E}$. In addition to 14 HGPS sources considered as firmly identified pulsar wind nebulae and 5 additional pulsar wind nebulae taken from literature, we find 10 HGPS sources that form likely TeV pulsar wind nebula candidates. Using a model that subsumes the present common understanding of the very high-energy radiative evolution of pulsar wind nebulae, we find that the trends and variations of the TeV observables and limits can be reproduced to a good level, drawing a consistent picture of present-day TeV data and theory.
To look for possible phenomenological connections between pulsar's timing properties and emissions from pulsar wind nebulae and their pulsars, we studied the power-law component of the X-ray emissions from 35 pulsar wind nebulae which have a detected pulsar in X-rays. Our major results are in the following: (1) The power-law component of the X-ray luminosities, in the energy range from 0.5 keV to 8 keV, of the nebulae and of the pulsar both show a strong correlation with the pulsar spin-down power ($\dot{E}$), consistent with earlier studies. However, equally significant correlations with the …
Identification and characterization of a rapidly increasing number of pulsar wind nebulae is, and will continue to be, a challenge of high-energy gamma-ray astrophysics. Given that such systems constitute -- by far -- the most numerous expected population in the TeV regime, such characterization is important not only to learn about the sources per se from an individual and population perspective, but also to be able to connect them with observations at other frequencies, especially in radio and X-rays. Also, we need to remove the emission from nebulae in highly confused regions of the sky for …
我们研究了在部分电离的星际介质中由超声波运动的恒星所产生的弓形激波星云的动力学。一小部分星际中性氢原子穿透到脉冲星风的尾部区域,由于星云发出的紫外光,将发生光电离,由此产生的质量负载急剧改变了轻轻子脉冲星风的流动动力学。使用准一维相对论流的流体动力学模型,我们发现,如果一个相对较小的密度的中性氢,低至$10^{-4}$ cm $^{-3}$,穿透脉冲星风内,这是足以强烈影响尾流。质量加载导致脉冲星风尾的快速扩张,使尾流具有内在的非定常性。弓激波星云的形状预测与观测结果比较,无论是在H $α$和X射线。
Pulsar Wind Nebulae are highly intriguing astrophysical objects in many respects. They are the brightest and closest class of relativistic sources, and hence the ultimate laboratory for the physics of relativistic plasmas: several processes observed (or inferred to occur) in other classes of relativistic sources can here be studied with unique detail, like the acceleration and collimation of relativistic outflows, or the acceleration of particles at relativistic shocks. Here I review the current status of our theoretical understanding of Pulsar Wind Nebulae in light of the most recent 2D and 3…
Pulsar wind nebulae are fascinating systems, and archetypal sources for high-energy astrophysics in general. Due to their vicinity, brightness, to the fact that they shine at multi-wavelengths, and especially to their long-living emission at gamma-rays, modelling their properties is particularly important for the correct interpretation of the visible Galaxy. A complication in this respect is the variety of properties and morphologies they show at different ages. Here we discuss the differences among the evolutionary phases of pulsar wind nebulae, how they have been modeled in the past and what…
Constraining the Diffusion Coefficient with HAWC TeV Gamma-Ray Observations of Two Nearby Pulsar Wind Nebulae
附近的电子/正电子加速器,主要是脉冲星风星云(PWNe),被认为是超过10 GeV的正电子过剩的潜在来源。HAWC天文台揭示了两个非常扩展的源,它们在空间上与附近的两个中年恒星重合:Geminga和PSR B 0656 +14,这表明超相对论电子/正电子在我们的后院加速。对这两种PWNe的形态学研究提供了在HAWC能量下扩散系数的约束。在这张海报中,我们将介绍这些PWNe的模型开发和形态学研究,以及最适合数据的衍生扩散系数。
Bow shock pulsar wind nebulae are a large class of non-thermal synchrotron sources associated to old pulsars, that have emerged from their parent supernova remnant and are directly interacting with the interstellar medium. Within this class a few objects show extended X-ray features, generally referred as "jets", that defies all the expectations from the canonical MHD models, being strongly misaligned respect to the pulsar direction of motion. It has been suggested that these jets might originate from high energy particles that escape from the system. Here we investigate this possibility, comp…
Pulsars out of their parent SNR directly interact with the ISM producing so called Bow-Shock Pulsar Wind Nebulae, the relativistic equivalents of the heliosphere/heliotail system. These have been directly observed from Radio to X-ray, and are found also associated to TeV halos, with a large variety of morphologies. They offer a unique environment where the pulsar wind can be studied by modelling its interaction with the surrounding ambient medium, in a fashion that is different/complementary from the canonical Plerions. These systems have also been suggested as the possible origin of the posit…
Pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) are main gamma-ray emitters in the Galactic plane. Although the leptonic scenario is able to explain most PWNe emission well, a hadronic contribution cannot be excluded. High-energy emission raises the possibility that gamma-rays are hadronically produced which inevitably leads to the production of neutrinos. We report a stacking analysis to search for neutrino emission from 35 PWNe that are very-high-energy gamma-ray emitters and the results using 9.5 years of all-sky IceCube data. In the absence of any significant correlation, we set upper limits on the total neutr…
Young pulsars and the pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) or supernova remnants (SNRs) that surround them are some of the most dynamic and high-powered environments in our Universe. With the rise of more sensitive observations, the number of pulsar-SNR and PWN associations (hereafter, SNR/PWN) has increased, yet we do not understand to which extent this environment influences the pulsars' impulsive radio signals. We studied the dispersive contribution of SNRs and PWNe on Galactic pulsars, and considered their relevance to fast radio bursts (FRBs) such as FRB 121102. We investigated the dispersion measu…
Bow shock pulsar wind nebulae are observed with a variety of complex morphologies at different wavelengths, most likely due to differences in the magnetic field strength and pulsar wind geometry. Here we present a detailed analysis, showing how these differences affect the observational properties in these systems, focusing on non-thermal synchrotron emission. By adopting different prescriptions for the local emissivity, on top of the magnetic and flow patterns taken from 3D high-resolution numerical simulations in relativistic MHD, and considering various viewing angles, we try to characteriz…
Bow-shock pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) show a variety of morphological shapes. We attribute this diversity to the geometrical factors: relative orientations of the pulsar rotation axis, proper velocity, and the line of sight (magnetic inclination angle may also have a certain influence on the morphology). We identify three basic types of bow-shock nebulae: (i) a "Rifle Bullet" (pulsar spin axis and proper velocity are aligned); (ii) a "Frisbee" (pulsar spin axis and proper velocity are orthogonal with the spin axis lying in the plane of the sky), and (iii) a Cart Wheel" (like frisbee but the spi…