We propose a new approach to initialize the hydrodynamic fields such as energy density distributions and four flow velocity fields in hydrodynamic modeling of high-energy nuclear collisions at the collider energies. Instead of matching the energy-momentum tensor or putting the initial conditions of quark-gluon fluids at a fixed initial time, we utilize a framework of relativistic hydrodynamic equations with source terms to describe the initial stage. Putting the energy and momentum loss rate of the initial partons into the source terms, we obtain hydrodynamic initial conditions dynamically. The resultant initial profile of the quark-gluon fluid looks highly bumpy as seen in the conventional event-by-event initial conditions. In addition, initial random flow velocity fields also are generated as a consequence of momentum deposition from the initial partons. We regard the partons that survive after the dynamical initialization process as the mini-jets and find sizable effects of both mini-jet propagation in the quark-gluon fluids and initial random transverse flow on the final momentum spectra and anisotropic flow observables. We perform event-by-event $(3+1)$-dimensional ideal hydrodynamic simulations with this new framework that enables us to describe the hydrodynamic bulk collectivity, parton energy loss, and interplay among them in a unified manner.
While it is well known that there is a significant amount of conserved charges in the initial state of nuclear collisions, the production of these due to gluon splitting has yet to be thoroughly investigated. The ICCING (Initial Conserved Charges in Nuclear Geometry) algorithm reconstructs these quark distributions, providing conserved strange, baryon, and electric charges, by sampling a given model for the $g \rightarrow q\bar{q}$ splitting function over the initial energy density, which is valid at top collider energies, even when $μ_B=0$. The ICCING algorithm includes fluctuations in the gl…
Initializing a single site of a lattice scalar field theory into an arbitrary state with support throughout the quantum register requires ${\cal O}(2^{n_Q})$ entangling gates on a quantum computer with $n_Q$ qubits per site. It is conceivable that, instead, initializing to functions that are good approximations to states may have utility in reducing the number of required entangling gates. In the case of a single site of a non-interacting scalar field theory, initializing to a symmetric exponential wavefunction requires $n_Q-1$ entangling gates, compared with the $2^{n_Q-1} + n_Q-3 + δ_{n_Q,1}…
Minijet thermalization and jet transport coefficients in QCD kinetic theory
SUBATECH UMR 6457 (IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes, IN2P3/CNRS)（SUBATECH UMR 6457（IMT大西洋学院，南特大学，IN2P3/法国国家科学研究中心））；Institute of Theoretical Physics, TU Wien（维也纳工业大学理论物理研究所）；MIT Center for Theoretical Physics – a Leinweber Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院莱因韦伯理论物理中心）；Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Heidelberg（海德堡大学理论物理研究所）
Hyperon/meson ratios in rare high-multiplicity $pp$ collisions at energies available at the Large Hadron Collider, and potential signatures for mini-quark-gluon plasma formation
In the QCD energy-momentum tensor $T^{μν}$, the terms that contribute to physical matrix elements are expressed as the sum of the gauge-invariant quark part and gluon part. Each part undergoes the renormalization due to the interactions among quarks and gluons, although the total tensor $T^{μν}$ is not renormalized thanks to the conservation of energy and momentum. Recently it has been shown that, through the renormalization, each of the quark and gluon parts of $T^{μν}$ receives a definite amount of anomalous trace contribution, such that their sum reproduces the well-known QCD trace anomaly,…
Large angle gluon radiations induced by multiple parton scatterings contribute to dijet production in deeply inelastic scattering off a large nucleus at the Electron-Ion Collider. Within the generalized high-twist approach to multiple parton scattering, such contributions at the leading order in perturbative QCD and large Bjorken momentum fraction $x_B$ can be expressed as a convolution of the multiple parton scattering amplitudes and the transverse momentum dependent (TMD) two-parton correlation matrix elements. We study this medium-induced dijet spectrum and its azimuthal angle correlation u…
Recently, it has been found that the kinematic viscosity of liquids at the minimum, $ν_m$, can be expressed in terms of fundamental physical constants, giving $ν_m$ on the order of $10^{-7}~{\rm m^2/s}$. Here, we show that the kinematic viscosity of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) has a similar value and support this finding by experimental data and theoretical estimations. The similarity is striking, given that the dynamic viscosity and the density of QGP are about 16 orders of magnitude larger than in liquids and that the two systems have disparate interactions and fundamental theories. We discuss …
Gluon Condensates, Quark Matter Equation of State and Quark Stars
本文考虑夸克物质状态方程，其中包括奇异夸克，并考虑了胶子凝聚QCD的非平凡真空结构。冷凝函数的参数由热力学势的最小化确定。在零温度和零重子密度的QCD求和规则下，胶子凝聚的标度参数由SVZ参数确定。导出了奇异物质零温状态方程，并利用托尔曼-奥本海默-哈诺夫方程研究了夸克星的结构。得到了夸克星的稳定解，其最大极限为3.2 $M_\odot$，半径约为17 km.
Determining the existence and nature of the quark-gluon plasma by Upsilon suppression at the LHC
在LHC的$\sqrt{s} = 5.5$ TeV Pb+Pb碰撞中，微型喷流的产生有望产生一个具有大初始温度和能量密度的胶子主导的等离子体。我们讨论了高初始温度对筛选质量和对$Υ$家族成员的相对抑制的影响。我们证明，$p_T$依赖的$Υ'/Υ$比预计只有当一个夸克-胶子等离子体具有显着的能量密度是存在的，这个比例的精确依赖性将强烈约束QGP模型。我们还提出，$Υ$共振本身的$p_T$光谱将提供有价值的信息，通过比较这些光谱的$Z$玻色子，这不应该受到等离子体的生产。
Mini-jets, created by perturbative hard QCD collisions at moderate energies, can represent a significant portion of the total multiplicity of a heavy-ion collision event. Since their transverse momenta are initially larger than the typical saturation scale describing the bulk of the equilibrating QGP, their typical stopping distances are larger than the usual hydrodynamization time, so they do not in general hydrodynamize at the same pace than the bulk of the collision. Therefore, in general mini-jets cannot be described solely by a unique pre-equilibrium stage that bridges the initial, over-o…
