Tensor-polarized structure functions of a spin-1 hadron are additional observables which do not exist for the spin-1/2 nucleon. They could probe novel aspects of the internal hadron structure. Twist-2 tensor-polarized structure functions are $b_1$ and $b_2$, and they are related by the Callan-Gross-like relation in the Bjorken scaling limit. In this work, we theoretically calculate $b_1$ in the standard convolution description for the deuteron. Two different theoretical models, a basic convolution description and a virtual nucleon approximation, are used for calculating $b_1$ and their results are compared with the HERMES measurement. We found large differences between our theoretical results and the data. Although there is still room to improve by considering higher-twist effects and in the experimental extraction of $b_1$ from the spin asymmetry $A_{zz}$, there is a possibility that the large differences require physics beyond the standard deuteron model for their interpretation. Future $b_1$ studies could shed light on a new field of hadron physics. In particular, detailed experimental studies of $b_1$ will start soon at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. In addition, there are possibilities to investigate tensor-polarized parton distribution functions and $b_1$ at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and a future electron-ion collider. Therefore, further theoretical studies are needed for understanding the tensor structure of the spin-1 deuteron, including a new mechanism to explain the large differences between the current data and our theoretical results.
Spatial imaging of polarized deuterons at the Electron-Ion Collider
University of Jyväskylä（于韦斯屈莱大学）；Helsinki Institute of Physics（赫尔辛基物理研究所）；Institute for Nuclear Theory, University of Washington（华盛顿大学核理论研究所）；Brookhaven National Laboratory（布鲁克海文国家实验室）；Wayne State University（韦恩州立大学）；RIKEN BNL Research Center（理研布鲁克海文研究中心）；Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory（劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）；University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）
Tensor-polarized parton distribution functions of the deuteron by a convolution model
Quark Matter Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院近代物理研究所夸克物质研究中心）；Southern Center for Nuclear Science Theory, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院近代物理研究所南方核科学理论中心）；KEK Theory Center, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK（高能加速器研究机构粒子与核研究所学部KEK理论中心）
Tensor-polarized structure functions: Tensor structure of deuteron in 2020's
我们解释了自旋为1的强子的自旋结构，其中有新的结构函数，除了那些（$F_1$，$F_2$，$g_1$，$g_2$）存在于自旋为1/2的核子，与它的张量结构。在带电轻子与自旋为1的强子（如氘核）的深度非弹性散射中，新的结构函数是$b_1$、$b_2$、$b_3$和$b_4$。其中，扭二函数在Bjorken标度极限下由Callan-Gross型关系$b_2 = 2 x b_1$联系起来。首先，引入了这些新的结构函数，并导出了从强子张量$W_{μν}$到$b_{1-4}$的投影算符的实用公式。其次，一个总和规则解释为$b_1$，并可能张量极化分布进行了讨论，通过使用HERMES数据，以提出未来的实验测量，并将它们与理论模型进行比较。一项在托马斯·杰斐逊国家加速器设施（JLab）测量$b_1$的提案获得批准，因此预计在不久的将来$b_1$将取得很大进展。第三，极化质子-氘核Drell-Yan过程的形式主义被解释为探测特别是张量极化反夸克分布，这是由HERMES数据建议。张量极化结构函数的研究将在2020年代为用夸克和胶子自由度研究张量结构开辟一个新的纪元，这与通常用核子和介子描述张量结构有很大不同。
Tensor-polarized twist-3 distribution function $f_{LT}$ of spin-1 deuteron
Quark Matter Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院近代物理研究所夸克物质研究中心）；Southern Center for Nuclear Science Theory, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院近代物理研究所南方核科学理论中心）；KEK Theory Center, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK（高能加速器研究机构粒子与核研究所学部理论中心）
SPD - the Spin Physics Project with Polarized Proton and Deuteron Beams at the NICA Collider
在JINR（俄罗斯杜布纳）未来的NICA对撞机上进行的SPD实验旨在研究纵向和横向极化质子和氘核碰撞中的核子自旋结构和极化现象，其能量为$\sqrt{s}$至27 GeV，亮度为10 $^{32}$ cm $^{-2}$ s $^{-1}$。测量Drell-Yan对、粲偶素和瞬发光子产生中的不对称性可以提供一个获得核子中全套领先扭曲TMD PDF的途径。实验装置计划作为一个通用的4 $π$探测器的广泛的物理任务。
"Optical" Spin Rotation Phenomenon and Spin Filtering of Antiproton (Proton, Deuteron) Beams in a Pseudomagnetic Field of a Polarized Target: the Possibility of Measuring the Real Part of the Coherent Zero-angle Scattering Amplitude
Tensor-polarized parton distribution functions for spin-1 hadrons
Quark Matter Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（夸克物质研究中心，现代物理研究所，中国科学院）；Southern Center for Nuclear Science Theory, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（南方核科学理论中心，现代物理研究所，中国科学院）；KEK Theory Center, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK（KEK理论中心，粒子与核研究研究所，KEK）
Tensor-polarized twist-3 parton distribution functions $f_{LT}(x)$ for the spin-1 deuteron by using twist-2 relations
Quark Matter Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院近代物理研究所夸克物质研究中心）；Southern Center for Nuclear Science Theory, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院近代物理研究所南方核科学理论中心）；KEK Theory Center, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK（高能加速器研究机构粒子与核研究部KEK理论中心）
Nuclear structure functions and EMC effect in a relativistic deuteron
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Lebedev Physical Institute（列别捷夫物理研究所）；Anhui Center for Fundamental Sciences in Theoretical Physics（安徽理论物理基础科学中心）
