集成信息作为群体交互的度量：使用开发的测量意识的技术分析人类和计算机群体
Integrated Information as a Metric for Group Interaction: Analyzing Human and Computer Groups Using a Technique Developed to Measure Consciousness
摘要：
许多学科的研究人员以前使用过各种数学技术来分析群体互动。在这里，我们使用了一个新的指标，称为“综合信息”或“phi”。Phi最初是由神经科学家开发的，作为大脑意识的衡量标准，但它在一个单一的数学数量中捕获了两个在许多其他类型的群体中也很重要的特性：差异化信息和整合。在这里，我们将此指标应用于涉及人和计算机的三种类型的组的活动。首先，我们发现，具有较高测量phi的4人工作组更有效地执行广泛的任务，如他们的集体智慧所衡量的。接下来，我们发现具有更高测量phi的维基百科编辑组创建更高质量的文章。最后，我们发现，在最近的六年时间里，在互联网上通信的人和计算机的集合的测量phi增加。总之，这些结果表明，综合信息可以是一个有用的方式来表征某种干扰的复杂性，至少有时，预测组的表现。从这个意义上说，phi可以被看作是一个有效的团队合作的潜在指标。由于该指标最初是作为一种意识的衡量标准而开发的，因此这些结果也提出了一些有趣的问题，即在何种条件下将群体视为具有某种意识可能是有用的。
英文摘要：
Researchers in many disciplines have previously used a variety of mathematical techniques for analyzing group interactions. Here we use a new metric for this purpose, called 'integrated information' or 'phi.' Phi was originally developed by neuroscientists as a measure of consciousness in brains, but it captures, in a single mathematical quantity, two properties that are important in many other kinds of groups as well: differentiated information and integration. Here we apply this metric to the activity of three types of groups that involve people and computers. First, we find that 4-person work groups with higher measured phi perform a wide range of tasks more effectively, as measured by their collective intelligence. Next, we find that groups of Wikipedia editors with higher measured phi create higher quality articles. Last, we find that the measured phi of the collection of people and computers communicating on the Internet increased over a recent six-year period. Together, these results suggest that integrated information can be a useful way of characterizing a certain kind of interactional complexity that, at least sometimes, predicts group performance. In this sense, phi can be viewed as a potential metric of effective group collaboration. Since the metric was originally developed as a measure of consciousness, the results also raise intriguing questions about the conditions under which it might be useful to regard groups as having a kind of consciousness.
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