On the basis of the modern understanding of MHD turbulence, we propose a new way of using synchrotron radiation, namely using synchrotron intensity gradients for tracing astrophysical magnetic fields. We successfully test the new technique using synthetic data obtained with the 3D MHD simulations and provide the demonstration of the practical utility of the technique by comparing the directions of magnetic field that are obtained with PLANCK synchrotron intensity dats to the directions obtained with PLANCK synchrotron polarization data. We demonstrate that the synchrotron intensity gradients (SIGs) can reliably trace magnetic field in the presence of noise and can provide detailed maps of magnetic-field directions. We also show that the SIGs are relatively robust for tracing magnetic fields while the low spacial frequencies of the synchrotron image are removed. This makes the SIGs applicable to tracing of magnetic fields using interferometric data with single dish measurement absent. We discuss the synergy of using the SIGs together with synchrotron polarization in order to find the actual direction of the magnetic field and quantify the effects of Faraday rotation as well as with other ways of studying astrophysical magnetic fields. We test our method in the presence of noise and the resolution effects. We stress the complementary nature of the studies using the SIG technique and those employing the recently-introduced velocity gradient techniques that traces the magnetic fields using spectroscopic data.
Studying the Intermittency of Magnetized Interstellar Medium by Synchrotron Polarization Intensity and its Gradient
School of Physics and Electronic Information, Guangxi Minzu University（广西民族大学物理与电子信息学院）；Department of Physics, Xiangtan University（湘潭大学物理系）；Key Laboratory of Stars and Interstellar Medium, Xiangtan University（湘潭大学恒星与星际介质重点实验室）
ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of massive Star-forming regions -XX. Probability distribution function of integrated intensity for dense molecular gas tracers
Polarized and unpolarized synchrotron emission from dark matter in extragalactic targets
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli（意大利国家核物理研究所，那不勒斯分部）；Department of Physics, University of Alberta（阿尔伯塔大学物理系）；Department of Physics and Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics (SCIPP), University of California, Santa Cruz（加州大学圣克鲁兹分校物理系及圣克鲁兹粒子物理研究所）
Modeling CO Emission: I. CO as a Column Density Tracer and the X-Factor in Molecular Clouds
理论和观测研究表明，一氧化碳（CO）的丰度是非常敏感的气体介质的固有属性，如密度，金属，和背景紫外光场。为了准确地解释CO观测结果，重要的是要了解CO如何追踪气体，在分子云（MC）中主要是分子氢（H2）。Glover和Mac Low最近的流体动力学模拟明确地遵循了在不同条件下模型MC中分子的形成和破坏，证实了CO的形成强烈依赖于云的性质。相反，H2的形成主要由MC的年龄决定。我们应用辐射转移计算这些MC模型，以研究CO线发射的性质。我们专注于综合CO（J=1-0）的强度出现从个别的云，包括其关系的总，H2，CO柱密度，以及“X因子”，H2柱密度CO强度的比率。具有高CO丰度的模型在足够大的反射率下具有约65 K km/s的CO强度阈值。低CO丰度的云没有这样的强度阈值。H2柱密度的分布很好地描述为对数正态函数，尽管CO强度和柱密度的分布通常不是对数正态的。一般情况下，积分强度的PDF不遵循CO柱密度的分布函数。在类银河系条件下，X因子与观测确定的近似常数值一致。在CO丰度较低的云中，X因子可能会有明显的变化-有时超过4个数量级。在具有高密度的模型中，CO线完全饱和，因此X因子与分子柱密度成正比。
A comparison between Galactic magnetic field models and polarized synchrotron emission with C-BASS at 4.76 GHz and S-PASS at 2.3 GHz
The University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学）；FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz-Institute for Information Infrastructure（卡尔斯鲁厄FIZ–莱布尼茨信息基础设施研究所）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias（加那利群岛天体物理研究所）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）
通过比较当代银河磁场模型与S-PASS和C-BASS巡天的偏振同步辐射观测，评估模型在重现偏振幅度和偏振角方面的能力，发现大多数模型在大尺度偏振角上表现良好，但无法再现偏振强度的形态，并指出局部结构（如北银极 Spur/Loop I 和 Fan 区域）对微波偏振同步辐射建模至关重要。
