球载X射线偏振计X-Calibur望远镜桁架和吊舱的设计
Design of the telescope truss and gondola for the balloon-borne X-ray polarimeter X-Calibur
摘要：
近年来，X射线偏振测量法受到越来越多的关注。探测器技术和聚焦X射线光学器件的改进现在使灵敏的天体物理学X射线偏振测量成为可能。这些测量将为黑洞吸积过程、中子星和磁星的X射线发射以及活动星系核喷流的结构提供新的见解。X-Calibur是一种球载硬X射线散射偏振仪。焦距为8 m的X射线镜将X射线聚焦到探测器上，探测器由塑料散射元件组成，周围是吸收和记录散射X射线的碲锌镉探测器。由于X射线优先地垂直于其偏振方向散射，因此X射线束的偏振性质可以从散射X射线的方位角分布推断。要求X射线焦斑与探测器的中心紧密对准，以减少系统不确定性并保持高光子探测效率。这对望远镜结构的机械和热稳定性提出了严格的要求。在同温层气球上飞行期间，X-Calibur利用Wallops弧秒指针（WASP）将望远镜指向天体物理源。在本文中，我们描述了望远镜结构的设计，建造和测试，以及它在25小时的飞行中的性能。新墨西哥州萨姆纳碳纤维-铝复合材料结构符合X-Calibur的要求，其设计可以很容易地适用于其他类型的实验，如X射线成像或光谱望远镜。
英文摘要：
X-ray polarimetry has seen a growing interest in recent years. Improvements in detector technology and focusing X-ray optics now enable sensitive astrophysical X-ray polarization measurements. These measurements will provide new insights into the processes at work in accreting black holes, the emission of X-rays from neutron stars and magnetars, and the structure of AGN jets. X-Calibur is a balloon-borne hard X-ray scattering polarimeter. An X-ray mirror with a focal length of 8 m focuses X-rays onto the detector, which consists of a plastic scattering element surrounded by Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride detectors, which absorb and record the scattered X-rays. Since X-rays preferentially scatter perpendicular to their polarization direction, the polarization properties of an X-ray beam can be inferred from the azimuthal distribution of scattered X-rays. A close alignment of the X-ray focal spot with the center of the detector is required in order to reduce systematic uncertainties and to maintain a high photon detection efficiency. This places stringent requirements on the mechanical and thermal stability of the telescope structure. During the flight on a stratospheric balloon, X-Calibur makes use of the Wallops Arc-Second Pointer (WASP) to point the telescope at astrophysical sources. In this paper, we describe the design, construction, and test of the telescope structure, as well as its performance during a 25-hour flight from Ft. Sumner, New Mexico. The carbon fiber-aluminum composite structure met the requirements set by X-Calibur and its design can easily be adapted for other types of experiments, such as X-ray imaging or spectroscopic telescopes.
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