剪切带作为产生非晶态固体临界性的表现
Shear bands as manifestation of a criticality in yielding amorphous solids
摘要：
非晶态固体增加其应力作为施加的应变的函数，直到机械屈服点，在该机械屈服点上应力不能再增加，之后表现出具有恒定平均应力的稳定状态。在压力控制实验中，当压力超过这个平均压力时，系统就会崩溃。这种现象在各种各样的非晶态固体中普遍存在，这就需要一种没有微观细节的通用理论。在这里，我们提供这样一个理论：机械屈服是一个热力学相变，其中屈服发生的旋节现象。在旋节点处，存在与系统跨越不稳定性（也称为剪切带）相关的发散相关长度，这是机械屈服的典型特征。所用的理论、序参量和具有发散关联长度的关联函数具有普适性，可应用于任何经历机械屈服的非晶态固体。
英文摘要：
Amorphous solids increase their stress as a function of an applied strain until a mechanical yield point whereupon the stress cannot increase anymore, afterwards exhibiting a steady state with a constant mean stress. In stress controlled experiments the system simply breaks when pushed beyond this mean stress. The ubiquity of this phenomenon over a huge variety of amorphous solids calls for a generic theory that is free of microscopic details. Here we offer such a theory: the mechanical yield is a thermodynamic phase transition, where yield occurs as a spinodal phenomenon. At the spinodal point there exists a divergent correlation length which is associated with the system-spanning instabilities (known also as shear bands) which are typical to the mechanical yield. The theory, the order parameter used and the correlation functions which exhibit the divergent correlation length are universal in nature and can be applied to any amorphous solids that undergo mechanical yield.
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