再激励发现：研究中的部分进展共享机制
Re-incentivizing Discovery: Mechanisms for Partial-Progress Sharing in Research
摘要：
高效研究生态系统的一个基本要素是\emph{partial-progress sharing}（PPS）--研究人员在取得突破后立即分享信息。这有助于防止工作重复;然而，有证据表明，现有的奖励结构在研究不鼓励部分进展共享。确保PPS对于新的在线协作研究平台尤为重要，因为这些平台涉及许多研究人员研究大型多阶段问题。我们研究的问题，激励信息共享的研究，在一个程式化的模型：不相同的代理独立工作的子任务的一个大型项目，通过一个非循环的子任务网络捕获的子任务之间的依赖关系。每个子任务都有一个奖励，奖励给第一个公开分享其解决方案的代理。代理可以选择要处理哪些子任务，更重要的是，何时显示已完成子任务的解决方案。在这个模型下，我们揭示了某些轶事现象背后的战略原理。此外，对于任何非循环子任务网络，并在一般模型的代理子任务完成时间，我们给出了充分条件，确保PPS是激励兼容的所有代理。一个令人惊讶的发现是，奖励，这是大约成比例的感知任务的困难是足够的，以确保PPS在所有的非循环子任务网络。在多阶段项目中，地方公平和全球信息共享之间没有紧张关系，这一事实令人鼓舞，因为它表明了现实世界环境中的实用机制。最后，我们表明，PPS是必要的，在许多情况下，足够的，以确保高速率的研究进展。
英文摘要：
An essential primitive for an efficient research ecosystem is \emph{partial-progress sharing} (PPS) -- whereby a researcher shares information immediately upon making a breakthrough. This helps prevent duplication of work; however there is evidence that existing reward structures in research discourage partial-progress sharing. Ensuring PPS is especially important for new online collaborative-research platforms, which involve many researchers working on large, multi-stage problems. We study the problem of incentivizing information-sharing in research, under a stylized model: non-identical agents work independently on subtasks of a large project, with dependencies between subtasks captured via an acyclic subtask-network. Each subtask carries a reward, given to the first agent who publicly shares its solution. Agents can choose which subtasks to work on, and more importantly, when to reveal solutions to completed subtasks. Under this model, we uncover the strategic rationale behind certain anecdotal phenomena. Moreover, for any acyclic subtask-network, and under a general model of agent-subtask completion times, we give sufficient conditions that ensure PPS is incentive-compatible for all agents. One surprising finding is that rewards which are approximately proportional to perceived task-difficulties are sufficient to ensure PPS in all acyclic subtask-networks. The fact that there is no tension between local fairness and global information-sharing in multi-stage projects is encouraging, as it suggests practical mechanisms for real-world settings. Finally, we show that PPS is necessary, and in many cases, sufficient, to ensure a high rate of progress in research.
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