光子随机数发生器评估的建议与示例
Recommendations and illustrations for the evaluation of photonic random number generators
AI总结：
本文针对光学随机数发生器评估方法不足的问题，提出将物理熵源与确定性后处理分离并考虑测量数字化影响的新范式，并以 Cohen-Procaccia 熵率估计和 NIST 新标准草案对三种典型光学熵源进行比较评估。
摘要：
对提升数字信息安全性的不懈追求，加上近期硬件技术的进步，已使随机数生成领域发生根本性转变：从单纯依赖伪随机算法转向采用光学熵源。尽管硬件方面取得了这些重大进展，常用的统计度量和评估实践仍然不适合理解或量化支撑物理随机数生成的光学熵。我们回顾了光学随机数生成评估的最新进展，并推荐一种新范式：量化熵生成并理解光学随机源物理极限。为此，我们主张在随机数发生器的评估中将物理熵源与确定性后处理分离，并明确考虑测量和数字化过程对熵产生速率的影响。我们提出用 Cohen-Procaccia 熵率估计 $h(ε,τ)$ 作为实现这一目标的一种方法。为了对我们的建议进行示例说明，我们将 Cohen-Procaccia 估计以及新的 NIST 物理随机数发生器标准草案中的熵估计应用于评估和比较三种常见的光学熵源：单光子到达时间检测、混沌激光器和放大自发辐射。
英文摘要：
The never-ending quest to improve the security of digital information combined with recent improvements in hardware technology has caused the field of random number generation to undergo a fundamental shift from relying solely on pseudo-random algorithms to employing optical entropy sources. Despite these significant advances on the hardware side, commonly used statistical measures and evaluation practices remain ill-suited to understand or quantify the optical entropy that underlies physical random number generation. We review the state of the art in the evaluation of optical random number generation and recommend a new paradigm: quantifying entropy generation and understanding the physical limits of the optical sources of randomness. In order to do this, we advocate for the separation of the physical entropy source from deterministic post-processing in the evaluation of random number generators and for the explicit consideration of the impact of the measurement and digitization process on the rate of entropy production. We present the Cohen-Procaccia estimate of the entropy rate $h(ε,τ)$ as one way to do this. In order to provide an illustration of our recommendations, we apply the Cohen-Procaccia estimate as well as the entropy estimates from the new NIST draft standards for physical random number generators to evaluate and compare three common optical entropy sources: single photon time-of-arrival detection, chaotic lasers, and amplified spontaneous emission.
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