宇宙学常数与动力学真空：对$Λ$ CDM的大胆挑战
Cosmological constant vis-a-vis dynamical vacuum: bold challenging the $Λ$CDM
摘要：
明年，我们将庆祝爱因斯坦引力场方程中的宇宙学项PDMATHAMM诞生100周年，也是泽尔多维奇首次提出宇宙学常数问题50周年，以及近20年的观测证据表明，一个非零的、正的$Λ$项可能是对观测到的宇宙加速的最简单的唯象解释。这种混合状态已经表明，我们目前还不了解$Λ$的理论本质。特别是，我们仍然面临着一个关键问题，即$Λ$究竟是一个真正的基本常数，还是一个温和演变的动力学变量。在这一点上，这个问题应该再一次得到经验上的解决，令人惊讶的是，我们所掌握的丰富的观测数据目前可以真正阐明这一点。在这篇简短的评论中，我总结了其中一些研究的情况。事实证明，尽管$Λ=$常数假设是最简单的，但当我们把它与真空能量的特定动力学模型进行激烈的竞争时，它可能不是最受欢迎的假设。最近的研究表明，宇宙学观测量$SNIa+BAO+H(z)+LSS+BBN+CMB$的整体拟合确实有利于“运行”真空模型（RVM）-其中$Λ=Λ(H)$是哈勃速率的函数-而不是“和谐”$Λ$ CDM模型。支持是在一个前所未有的水平$\sim4σ$，并支持赤池和贝叶斯标准，导致令人信服的证据，有利于RVM选项和其他相关的动态真空模型。我还解决这个框架的影响，可能的时间演化的基本常数的性质。
英文摘要：
Next year we will celebrate 100 years of the cosmological term, $Λ$, in Einstein's gravitational field equations, also 50 years since the cosmological constant problem was first formulated by Zeldovich, and almost about two decades of the observational evidence that a non-vanishing, positive, $Λ$-term could be the simplest phenomenological explanation for the observed acceleration of the Universe. This mixed state of affairs already shows that we do no currently understand the theoretical nature of $Λ$. In particular, we are still facing the crucial question whether $Λ$ is truly a fundamental constant or a mildly evolving dynamical variable. At this point the matter should be settled once more empirically and, amazingly enough, the wealth of observational data at our disposal can presently shed true light on it. In this short review I summarize the situation of some of these studies. It turns out that the $Λ=$const. hypothesis, despite being the simplest, may well not be the most favored one when we put it in hard-fought competition with specific dynamical models of the vacuum energy. Recently it has been shown that the overall fit to the cosmological observables $SNIa+BAO+H(z)+LSS+BBN+CMB$ do favor the class of "running" vacuum models (RVM's) -- in which $Λ=Λ(H)$ is a function of the Hubble rate -- against the "concordance" $Λ$CDM model. The support is at an unprecedented level of $\sim4σ$ and is backed up with Akaike and Bayesian criteria leading to compelling evidence in favor of the RVM option and other related dynamical vacuum models. I also address the implications of this framework on the possible time evolution of the fundamental constants of Nature.
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