宇宙钟测试：来自Milky Way恒星的测量设置
Cosmic Bell Test: Measurement Settings from Milky Way Stars
摘要：
贝尔定理指出，量子力学的某些预言不能被局域实在论重现。贝尔不等式（Bell's inequality）是一种矛盾的表述，它通常是在假设测量设置的选择与任何其他可能影响测量结果的因素之间没有统计相关性的前提下推导出来的。在以前的实验中，这种“选择自由”是通过确保通过传统的“量子随机数发生器”选择测量设置与纠缠粒子的产生空间分离来解决的。然而，这留下了一种可能性，即一个未知的原因影响了设置选择和测量结果，就在每次实验之前的几微秒内。在这里，我们报告了贝尔不等式的一个新的实验测试，第一次，使用遥远的天文来源作为“宇宙设置发电机。“在我们对偏振纠缠光子的测试中，测量设置是使用对银河系恒星的实时观测来选择的，同时确保了局部性。假设对所有探测到的光子都进行了公平的采样，并且每个恒星光子的颜色都被设置为发射，我们观察到统计上显著的$\gtrsim 7.31 σ$和$\gtrsim 11.93 σ$违反贝尔不等式，估计的$p$值分别为$ \lesssim 1.8 \times 10^{-13}$和$\lesssim 4.0 \times 10^{-33}$，从而将最近的时间推迟了$\sim$ 600年，任何局部现实主义的影响都可能导致观察到的贝尔违反。
英文摘要：
Bell's theorem states that some predictions of quantum mechanics cannot be reproduced by a local-realist theory. That conflict is expressed by Bell's inequality, which is usually derived under the assumption that there are no statistical correlations between the choices of measurement settings and anything else that can causally affect the measurement outcomes. In previous experiments, this "freedom of choice" was addressed by ensuring that selection of measurement settings via conventional "quantum random number generators" was space-like separated from the entangled particle creation. This, however, left open the possibility that an unknown cause affected both the setting choices and measurement outcomes as recently as mere microseconds before each experimental trial. Here we report on a new experimental test of Bell's inequality that, for the first time, uses distant astronomical sources as "cosmic setting generators." In our tests with polarization-entangled photons, measurement settings were chosen using real-time observations of Milky Way stars while simultaneously ensuring locality. Assuming fair sampling for all detected photons, and that each stellar photon's color was set at emission, we observe statistically significant $\gtrsim 7.31 σ$ and $\gtrsim 11.93 σ$ violations of Bell's inequality with estimated $p$-values of $ \lesssim 1.8 \times 10^{-13}$ and $\lesssim 4.0 \times 10^{-33}$, respectively, thereby pushing back by $\sim$600 years the most recent time by which any local-realist influences could have engineered the observed Bell violation.
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