NRAO和ALMA提案审查过程中与性别有关的系统
Gender-Related Systematics in the NRAO and ALMA Proposal Review Processes
摘要：
在对国家难民事务办公室经营的四个设施（Jansky超大阵列）的提案审查过程中，对与性别有关的系统化证据进行了研究。（JVLA;甚长基线阵列（VLBA），位于智利的绿岸望远镜（GBT）和阿塔卡马大型毫米/亚毫米阵列（ALMA），由NRAO/AUI与欧洲南方天文台（ESO）合作运营和日本国家天文台（NAOJ），与智利共和国合作。在ALMA周期2-4的ALMA提案审查过程（PRP）中，发现提案排名中存在显著的性别相关效应，男性优于女性，可靠性为99.998%，男性和女性PI的潜在排名分布不相同。ALMA周期3的影响最大且最显著。在2012年A-2017年A学期的提案中，其他三个NRAO望远镜的总体结果相似，但总体可靠性水平较低（98.3%），并且在男性PI排名中表现更好的趋势在整个学期中出现了一些逆转。结果与最近完成的HST（Reid 2014）和ESO提案审查过程（Patat 2016）的类似研究一致。与性别有关的提案排名趋势与审查小组的性别比例之间没有相关性。关于资历对这些观察站与性别有关的提案结果的作用，卫生和社会事务股和欧洲社会事务股的提案审查得出了彼此不同的结论。目前关于ALMA和NRAO用户基础的现有数据不允许我们调查主要调查员的资历依赖于与性别有关的趋势这一重要问题。
英文摘要：
A study has been made of the evidence for gender-related systematics in the proposal review processes for the four facilities operated by NRAO: the Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA; hereafter VLA), the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile which is operated by NRAO/AUI in partnership with the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and the National Astronomical Observatories of Japan (NAOJ), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. A significant gender-related effect is found in the proposal rankings in favor of men over women in the ALMA Proposal Review Processes (PRP) for ALMA Cycles 2-4, with reliability of 99.998% that the underlying rank distributions for male and female PIs are not the same. The effect is largest and most significant for ALMA Cycle 3. A similar overall result is found for the other three NRAO telescopes over proposal Semesters 2012A-2017A, but with lower reliability level overall (98.3%), and with some reversals across semesters in the trend for better performance in the rankings for male PIs. The results align with similar studies recently completed for the HST (Reid 2014) and the ESO proposal review processes (Patat 2016). No correlations are found between the gender-related proposal ranking trends and the gender fractions on review panels. The HST and ESO proposal reviews have come to different conclusions from each other on the role of seniority on the gender-related proposal outcomes at those observatories. The currently available data for the ALMA and NRAO user base do not allow us to investigate the important question of the dependence on the gender-related trends of the seniority of the principal investigators.
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