复杂系统涌现问题的拓扑方法
A topological approach to the problem of emergence in complex systems
摘要：
复杂系统中的涌现模式与现代科学和哲学中许多有趣的现象有关。弱涌现、强涌现和强涌现等概念被提出来强调问题的不同认识论和本体论方面。最重要的问题之一是，涌现是否是我们所观察到的现实的内在属性，或者说，它是认识论局限的结果。为了阐明这个问题，我们提出了一个新的近似通过建设性拓扑结构，一个框架，使我们能够映射的空间观察到的对象（本体论）的知识主体的概念装置（认识论）。聚焦于一种特定类型的涌现过程，即那些通过实验可获得的过程，我们仍然没有线索的机械过程产生其形成，我们分析了知识主体将如何建立一个概念解释框架。工作在这些系统中，我们确定概念析取作为一个关键的逻辑操作，需要确定系统的约束。接下来，集中在一个三位的合成系统，我们展示了如何的数量和范围的限制阻碍了这种计划的发展。有趣的是，我们观察到，我们的框架是无法识别全球性的限制，明确连接的认识论的框架与系统的本体论特征的限制。这使我们能够提出一个定义的涌现强度，我们使兼容的科学方法，通过积极干预的观察员对系统。我们认为，这个定义调和了以前对涌现过程进行分类的尝试，至少对于我们在这里讨论的特定类型。本文最后讨论了生物系统中全局约束的相关性，将其理解为自然选择施加的向下因果影响。
英文摘要：
Emergent patterns in complex systems are related to many intriguing phenomena in modern science and philosophy. Several conceptions such as weak, strong and robust emergence have been proposed to emphasize different epistemological and ontological aspects of the problem. One of the most important concerns is whether emergence is an intrinsic property of the reality we observe, or it is rather a consequence of epistemological limitations. To elucidate this question, we propose a novel approximation through constructive topology, a framework that allow us to map the space of observed objects (ontology) with the knowledge subject conceptual apparatus (epistemology). Focusing in a particular type of emergent processes, namely those accessible through experiments and from which we have still no clue on the mechanistic processes yielding its formation, we analyse how a knowledge subject would build a conceptual explanatory framework. Working on these systems, we identify concept disjunction as a critical logical operation needed to identify the constraints of the system. Next, focusing on a three-bits synthetic system, we show how the number and scope of the constraints hinder the development of such scheme. Interestingly, we observe that our framework is unable to identify global constraints, clearly linking the epistemological limits of the framework with an ontological feature of the system. This allows us to propose a definition of emergence strength which we make compatible with the scientific method through the active intervention of the observer on the system. We think that this definition reconciles previous attempts to classify emergent processes, at least for the specific kind we discuss here. The paper finishes discussing the relevance of global constraints in biological systems, understood as a downward causal influence exerted by natural selection.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
