表面上磁性原子的自旋退相干
Spin decoherence of magnetic atoms on surfaces
摘要：
本文综述了沉积在表面上的磁性原子的自旋退相干问题。最近在扫描隧道显微镜（STM）的突破，使人们有可能探测单个原子的自旋动力学，无论是孤立的或集成在纳米工程自旋结构。传输泵和探针技术与自旋极化尖端允许测量自旋弛豫时间$T_1$，而新的演示电驱动STM单自旋共振提供了一个直接测量的自旋退相干时间$T_2$的一个单独的磁性吸附原子。在这里，我们从理论的角度来解决自旋退相干的问题。首先，我们提供了一个简短的一般概述退相干在开放量子系统，我们讨论了一些细节的模糊性，出现在简并光谱的情况下，相关的磁性原子。其次，我们解决的物理机制，允许探测表面上的磁性原子的自旋相干性。第三，我们讨论了在表面上工作的主要自旋退相干机制，最值得注意的是，近藤相互作用，但也自旋-声子耦合和退相的约翰逊噪声。最后，我们提出了一些自旋退相干的工程方案。
英文摘要：
We review the problem of spin decoherence of magnetic atoms deposited on a surface. Recent breakthroughs in scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) make it possible to probe the spin dynamics of individual atoms, either isolated or integrated in nanoengineered spin structures. Transport pump and probe techniques with spin polarized tips permit measuring the spin relaxation time $T_1$, while novel demonstration of electrically driven STM single spin resonance has provided a direct measurement of the spin decoherence time $T_2$ of an individual magnetic adatom. Here we address the problem of spin decoherence from the theoretical point of view. First we provide a short general overview of decoherence in open quantum systems and we discuss with some detail ambiguities that arise in the case of degenerate spectra, relevant for magnetic atoms. Second, we address the physical mechanisms that allows probing the spin coherence of magnetic atoms on surfaces. Third, we discuss the main spin decoherence mechanisms at work on a surface, most notably, Kondo interaction, but also spin-phonon coupling and dephasing by Johnson noise. Finally, we propose some schemes to engineer spin decoherence.
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