并非所有的涨落都是平等的：热力学函数的自发变化
Not All Fluctuations are Created Equal: Spontaneous Variations in Thermodynamic Function
摘要：
几乎所有的过程--高相关、弱相关或完全不相关--都表现出统计波动。通常，物理定律，如热力学第二定律，只涉及典型的实现-正如香农的渐近均分性质所强调的那样，并通过采取无限数量的自由度的热力学极限来实现。事实上，我们对宏观热力学循环功能的解释是如此集中。使用最近派生的第二定律的信息处理，我们表明，不同的子集的波动导致不同的热力学功能麦克斯韦恶魔。例如，虽然典型的实现可以像发动机一样工作-将热波动转换为有用功-即使是“附近”的波动（非典型的，但可能的实现）也表现得不同，就像Landauer橡皮擦一样-转换可用的存储能量以耗散存储的信息。一个结论是，归因于一个单一的，独特的功能模态的热力学系统，特别是在纳米尺度上，是在最好的误导，可能掩盖了一系列的同时，并行的热力学变换。这改变了我们对细胞过程、工程设计和进化适应的理解。
英文摘要：
Almost all processes -- highly correlated, weakly correlated, or correlated not at all---exhibit statistical fluctuations. Often physical laws, such as the Second Law of Thermodynamics, address only typical realizations -- as highlighted by Shannon's asymptotic equipartition property and as entailed by taking the thermodynamic limit of an infinite number of degrees of freedom. Indeed, our interpretations of the functioning of macroscopic thermodynamic cycles are so focused. Using a recently derived Second Law for information processing, we show that different subsets of fluctuations lead to distinct thermodynamic functioning in Maxwellian Demons. For example, while typical realizations may operate as an engine -- converting thermal fluctuations to useful work -- even "nearby" fluctuations (nontypical, but probable realizations) behave differently, as Landauer erasers -- converting available stored energy to dissipate stored information. One concludes that ascribing a single, unique functional modality to a thermodynamic system, especially one on the nanoscale, is at best misleading, likely masking an array of simultaneous, parallel thermodynamic transformations. This alters how we conceive of cellular processes, engineering design, and evolutionary adaptation.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
