如何为引力波搜索开绿灯
How the green light was given for gravitational wave search
摘要：
LIGO/VIRGO团队最近对引力波的探测是实验物理学令人难以置信的令人印象深刻的成就。这也是广义相对论的巨大成功。它证实了黑洞的存在;表明了双黑洞的存在;它们可能会碰撞，并且在合并过程中会产生引力波。这些都是广义相对论在完全非线性状态下的预言。引力波的存在是阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦在1916年在线性化的爱因斯坦理论框架内预言的。与普遍的看法相反，即使是完全非线性的爱因斯坦理论中的引力波的\emph{definition}也是在爱因斯坦去世后才提供的。实际上，爱因斯坦曾提出过反对非线性引力波存在的论点（这些论点是错误的，但他没有接受这一点），这实际上阻止了这一学科的发展，直到20世纪50年代中期。这就是我们所说的\emph{Red Light}，用于引力波研究。在接下来的几年里，这个主题再次被各方面的专家，主要是Herman Bondi、Felix Pirani、Ivor Robinson和Andrzej Trautman，重新拾起并进行了积极的研究，成功地克服了关于引力波存在的理论障碍，从而为实验学家开始设计探测器开了“绿灯”，最终导致了最近LIGO/VIRGO的发现。在这篇文章中，我们将讲述这一理论突破的故事。特别注意的是基本的1958年文件的Trautman，这似乎是鲜为人知的圈子以外的广义相对论专家。这两篇论文的更详细的技术描述见附录。
英文摘要：
The recent detection of gravitational waves by the LIGO/VIRGO team is an incredibly impressive achievement of experimental physics. It is also a tremendous success of the theory of General Relativity. It confirms the existence of black holes; shows that binary black holes exist; that they may collide and that during the merging process gravitational waves are produced. These are all predictions of General Relativity theory in its fully nonlinear regime. The existence of gravitational waves was predicted by Albert Einstein in 1916 within the framework of linearized Einstein theory. Contrary to common belief, even the very \emph{definition} of a gravitational wave in the fully nonlinear Einstein theory was provided only after Einstein's death. Actually, Einstein had arguments against the existence of nonlinear gravitational waves (they were erroneous but he did not accept this), which virtually stopped development of the subject until the mid 1950s. This is what we refer to as the \emph{Red Light} for gravitational waves research. In the following years, the theme was picked up again and studied vigorously by various experts, mainly Herman Bondi, Felix Pirani, Ivor Robinson and Andrzej Trautman, where the theoretical obstacles concerning gravitational wave existence were successfully overcome, thus giving the `Green Light' for experimentalists to start designing detectors, culminating in the recent LIGO/VIRGO discovery. In this note we tell the story of this theoretical breakthrough. Particular attention is given to the fundamental 1958 papers of Trautman, which seem to be lesser known outside the circle of General Relativity experts. A more detailed technical description of these 2 papers is given in the Appendix.
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