In estimating the complexity of objects, in particular of graphs, it is common practice to rely on graph- and information-theoretic measures. Here, using integer sequences with properties such as Borel normality, we explain how these measures are not independent of the way in which an object, such as a graph, can be described or observed. From observations that can reconstruct the same graph and are therefore essentially translations of the same description, we will see that when applying a computable measure such as Shannon Entropy, not only is it necessary to pre-select a feature of interest where there is one, and to make an arbitrary selection where there is not, but also that more general properties, such as the causal likelihood of a graph as a measure (opposed to randomness), can be largely misrepresented by computable measures such as Entropy and Entropy rate. We introduce recursive and non-recursive (uncomputable) graphs and graph constructions based on these integer sequences, whose different lossless descriptions have disparate Entropy values, thereby enabling the study and exploration of a measure's range of applications and demonstrating the weaknesses of computable measures of complexity.
A Simplicity Bubble Problem in Formal-Theoretic Learning Systems
University of Campinas (UNICAMP)（坎皮纳斯大学）；National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC)（国家科学计算实验室）；Laboratoire de Recherche Scientifique (LABORES) for the Natural and Digital Sciences（自然与数字科学科学研究实验室（LABORES））；The University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）；Oxford Immune Algorithmics（牛津免疫算法公司）；Karolinska Institute（卡罗林斯卡学院）
Tighter Bounds for Algorithmic Complexity Estimation Using a Reusable Code-Based Block Decomposition Method
Algorithmic Dynamics Lab, Karolinska Institute & King’s College London（算法动力学实验室，卡罗林斯卡学院与伦敦国王学院）；School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP)（坎皮纳斯大学电气与计算机工程学院）；Oxford Immune Algorithmics, Oxford University Innovation & London Institute for Healthcare Engineering（牛津免疫算法公司，牛津大学创新部与伦敦医疗工程研究所）；Centre for Logic, Epistemology and the History of Science, University of Campinas (UNICAMP)（坎皮纳斯大学逻辑、认识论与科学史中心）；DEXL, National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC)（DEXL，巴西国家科学计算实验室）；Departments of Biomedical Computing and Digital Twins, School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Sciences, King’s Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London（伦敦国王大学生物医学与医学科学学院生物医学计算与数字孪生系）；King’s Institute for Artificial Intelligence, King’s College London（伦敦国王学院人工智能研究所）
