强烈偏离射电-远红外相关的银河系对于研究星系演化具有重要意义，因为它们可以追踪早期、短暂的星暴和活动星系核（AGN）。最极端的FIR过剩星系NGC 1377长期以来一直被解释为一个年轻的尘埃星暴，但对CO线的毫米观测揭示了一个强大的准直分子外流，这不能仅仅用恒星形成来解释。我们提出了新的无线电观测在1.5和10 GHz的Jansky甚大阵列（JVLA）和钱德拉X射线观测对NGC 1377。的观测结果进行比较，以限制中央能源的属性的合成星爆模型。我们在NGC 1377中获得了厘米射电连续谱和X射线发射的首次探测。我们发现，无线电发射分布在两个组成部分，一个在核和另一个偏移4 $"$ .5的西南。我们确认了该星系的极端FIR过剩，其$q_\mathrm{FIR}\simeq$为$q_\mathrm{FIR}\simeq$ 4.2，与无线电FIR相关性偏离超过7- $σ$。在离核组件上检测到软X射线发射。从射电辐射，我们估计一个年轻的（$<10$百万年）星暴的恒星形成率SFR $<$ 0.1 M $_\odot$ yr $^{-1}$。这样的SFR不足以为观测到的IR光度提供动力并驱动CO流出。我们发现，一个年轻的星暴不能再现所有观察到的性质的核心NGC 1377。我们认为，该星系可能是窝藏一个无线电安静，模糊AGN的10 $^6$ M $_\odot$，吸积在近爱丁顿率。我们推测，离核成分可能是跟踪一个热点的活动星系核喷流。
英文摘要：
Galaxies which strongly deviate from the radio-far IR correlation are of great importance for studies of galaxy evolution as they may be tracing early, short-lived stages of starbursts and active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The most extreme FIR-excess galaxy NGC1377 has long been interpreted as a young dusty starburst, but millimeter observations of CO lines revealed a powerful collimated molecular outflow which cannot be explained by star formation alone. We present new radio observations at 1.5 and 10 GHz obtained with the Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) and Chandra X-ray observations towards NGC1377. The observations are compared to synthetic starburst models to constrain the properties of the central energy source. We obtained the first detection of the cm radio continuum and X-ray emission in NGC1377. We find that the radio emission is distributed in two components, one on the nucleus and another offset by 4$"$.5 to the South-West. We confirm the extreme FIR-excess of the galaxy, with a $q_\mathrm{FIR}\simeq$4.2, which deviates by more than 7-$σ$ from the radio-FIR correlation. Soft X-ray emission is detected on the off-nucleus component. From the radio emission we estimate for a young ($<10$ Myr) starburst a star formation rate SFR$<$0.1 M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$. Such a SFR is not sufficient to power the observed IR luminosity and to drive the CO outflow. We find that a young starburst cannot reproduce all the observed properties of the nucleus of NGC1377. We suggest that the galaxy may be harboring a radio-quiet, obscured AGN of 10$^6$M$_\odot$, accreting at near-Eddington rates. We speculate that the off-nucleus component may be tracing an hot-spot in the AGN jet.
We report an exceptional mid-infrared flare in the Seyfert 1.8 NGC 3786. In the multi-epoch data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the nuclear mid-infrared brightness of NGC 3786 appears to vary substantially up to $0.5-0.8$ mag around mid-2020. However, there is no evidence of significant variation in the corresponding light curve of the optical band from the Zwicky Transient Facility. This implies that the flare may have been heavily obscured by nuclear dust. Through follow-up spectroscopic observations with Gemini-North after the flare, we find that broad emission lines in ${\rm…
NGC 4945 harbors one of the nearest active galactic nuclei (AGN), which allows reaching high spatial resolution with the current observational facilities. The Seyfert 2 nucleus is deeply obscured by an edge-on disk with $A_V\sim14$, requiring infrared observations to study circumnuclear structures and the interstellar medium. In this work, we present an imaging and longslit spectroscopic study of the nuclear region with a spatial resolution of 6.5 pc, based on Flamingos-2 (F2) and T-ReCS data taken at the Gemini South observatory. We report sub-arcsecond photometric measurements of the nucleus…
We report our optical spectroscopic study of the nucleus and its surrounding region of a nearby luminous infrared galaxy NGC 4418. This galaxy has been known to host a compact obscured nucleus, showing distinct characteristics such as a very compact ($\sim 20$ pc) sub-mm and mid-infrared core and dusty circumnuclear region with massive molecular gas concentration. We detected dusty superwind outflow at $\gtrsim 1$ kpc scale along the disk semiminor axis in both shock-heated emission lines and enhanced interstellar Na D absorption. This superwind shows basic characteristics similar to those of …
We present the analysis of an optical data cube of the central region of NGC 1448, obtained with the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE). Chandra X-ray data indicate that the active galactic nucleus (AGN) is not located at the apparent stellar nucleus of the galaxy, but at a projected distance of $1.75$ $\pm$ $0.22$ arcsec ($139 \pm 17$ pc). This is probably caused by the high interstellar extinction in the surroundings of the AGN, which corresponds to the true nucleus of the galaxy, as also proposed by previous studies. The morphology and classification of the optical line-emitting regio…
We presented the multiwavelength analysis of a heavily obscured active galactic nucleus (AGN) in NGC 449. We first constructed a broadband X-ray spectrum using the latest NuSTAR and XMM-Newton data. Its column density ($\simeq 10^{24} \rm{cm}^{-2}$) and photon index ($Γ\simeq 2.4$) were reliably obtained by analyzing the broadband X-ray spectrum. However, the scattering fraction and the intrinsic X-ray luminosity could not be well constrained. Combined with the information obtained from the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectrum and spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting, we derived its intrinsic …
We used a set of moderately-deep and high-resolution optical observations obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope to investigate the properties of the stellar population in the heavily obscured bulge globular cluster NGC 6256. The analysis of the color-magnitude diagram revealed a stellar population with an extended blue horizontal branch and severely affected by differential reddening, which was corrected taking into account color excess variations up to δE(B-V) ~ 0.51. We implemented a Monte Carlo Markov Chain technique to perform the isochrone fitting of the observed color-magnitude diagra…
Type 2 active galactic nuclei (AGN) show signatures of accretion onto a supermassive black hole through strong, high-ionization, narrow emission lines extended on scales of 100s to 1000s of parsecs, but they lack the broad emission lines from close in to the black hole that characterize type 1 AGN. The lack of broad emission could indicate obscuration of the innermost nuclear regions, or could indicate that the black hole is no longer strongly accreting. Since high-energy X-rays can penetrate thick obscuring columns, they have the power to distinguish these two scenarios. We present high-energ…
We present a multi-wavelength study of the active nucleus and the off-nuclear X-ray sources in the nearby spiral galaxy, NGC 1365 using three simultaneous UV/X-ray observations by AstroSat over a two months period and archival IR observations performed with Spitzer and Herschel. Utilising the data from the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) on-board AstroSat, we find spectral variability mainly caused by the variation in the X-ray column density, (N$_H$ $\sim$ 10$^{22}$ - 10$^{23}$ cm$^{-2}$). With the accurate spatial resolution of the UVIT onboard AstroSat, we separate the intrinsic AGN flux from th…
The estimate of the number and space density of obscured AGN over cosmic time still represents an open issue. While the obscured AGN population is a key ingredient of the X-ray background synthesis models and is needed to reproduce its shape, a complete census of obscured AGN is still missing. Here we test the selection of obscured sources among the local 12-micron sample of Seyfert galaxies. Our selection is based on a difference up to three orders of magnitude in the ratio between the AGN bolometric luminosity, derived from the spectral energy distribution (SED) decomposition, and the same q…
Nuevos resultados sobre la cinemática global y nuclear de NGC 253: movimientos no circulares y emisión en Br-gamma
继续先前的研究（Cameroon et al. 2011），新的日心径向速度分布是从附近的星系NGC 253获得的电离氢复合线H-α。这些分布已经从长缝光谱学中推导出各种位置角。它还显示了日心径向速度分布对应的部分红外数据（电离氢复合线Br-γ）与凤凰摄谱仪的双子座南天文台观察。使用该仪器进行长缝连续映射将能够详细研究星系核心的运动学，该核心被尘埃强烈遮蔽。
We present the joint Chandra, XMM-Newton and NuSTAR analysis of two nearby Seyfert galaxies, NGC 3081 and ESO 565-G019. These are the only two having Chandra data in a larger sample of ten low redshift ($z \le 0.05$), candidates Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) selected in the 15-150 keV band with Swift-BAT that were still lacking NuSTAR data. Our spectral analysis, performed using physically-motivated models, provides an estimate of both the line-of-sight (l.o.s.) and average (N$_{H,S}$) column densities of the two torii. NGC 3081 has a Compton-thin l.o.s. column density N$_{H,z}$=[…
We present the results obtained from timing and spectral studies of the highly obscured low luminosity active galactic nucleus NGC~4941 using data obtained from the {\it Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array} and the {\it Neil Gehrels Swift} Observatories. We find similar variability in $3-10$~keV and $10-60$~keV energy ranges with fractional rms variability of $\sim$14\%. We investigate broad-band spectral properties of the source in 3-150 keV range, using data from {\it NuSTAR} and {\it Swift}/BAT, with phenomenological slab model and physically motivated {\tt mytorus} model. From the spectr…
No AGN evidence in NGC1614 from deep radio VLBI observations
我们提出了深双波段5.0和8.4GHz的欧洲VLBI网络（EVN）的观测NGC1614，一个本地的发光红外星系与一个强大的环核星暴环，其核发动机的起源仍然是有争议的。我们的目标是检测和表征紧凑的无线电结构在核区域和环核环。我们没有发现任何紧凑的源在中央200秒差距的区域，设置一个非常严格的5西格玛上限的$3.7\times10^{36}$ erg s $^{-1}$和$5.8\times10^{36}$ erg s $^{-1}$，分别在5.0和8.4千兆赫。然而，我们报告了一个清晰的检测在两个频率的一个紧凑的结构在环核环，190秒差距以北的核，其光度和光谱指数是兼容的核心坍缩超新星，支持在环的高恒星形成率。我们的结果有利于纯粹的星爆的情况下，即使是核心的NGC1614，并显示了无线电VLBI观测的重要性时，处理模糊的环境中的尘埃星系。
Stellar Clusters in the NGC 6334 Star Forming Complex
NGC 6334是附近银河系中最壮观的大质量恒星形成区域之一，其完整的恒星星族在过去的研究中没有得到很好的采样。我们在这里分析了两个钱德拉X射线天文台图像的区域使用敏感的数据分析方法，给出了1607个微弱的X射线源与角秒的位置和近似的视线吸收的列表。其中大约95%是星团成员，大多数是质量较低的前主序星。外推到低X射线水平，总的恒星星族估计为20- 30，000颗前主序星。X射线源显示了一个复杂的空间模式，大约有10个不同的星团。这些被严重遮蔽的星团大多与以前已知的远红外源和射电HII区域有关。轻微模糊的星团大多是在X射线图像中新发现的。发现了数十颗可能的OB星，无论是在星团中还是分散在整个地区，这表明该复合体中的恒星形成已经进行了数百万年。许多被强烈吸收的X射线源与恒星形成的活跃区域有关。
The active galaxy NGC 1275 lies at the center of the Perseus cluster of galaxies, being an archetypal BH-galaxy system that is supposed to fit well with the M_BH-host scaling relations obtained for quiescent galaxies. Since it harbours an obscured AGN, only recently our group has been able to estimate its black hole mass. Here our aim is to pinpoint NGC 1275 on the less dispersed scaling relations, namely the M_BH-sigma_star and M_BH-L_bul planes. Starting from our previous work Ricci et al. 2017b, we estimate that NGC 1275 falls well outside the intrinsic dispersion of the M_BH-sigma_star pla…
Submillimetre and millimetre observations are important in probing the properties of the molecular gas and dust around obscured active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and their feedback. With very high-resolution (0."02x0."03 (2x3 pc)) ALMA 345 GHz observations of CO 3-2, HCO$^+$ 4-3, HCN 4-3 $ν_2$=1$f$, and continuum we have studied the molecular outflow and nucleus of the extremely radio-quiet lenticular galaxy NGC1377. The outflow is resolved, revealing a 150 pc long, clumpy, high-velocity, collimated molecular jet. The molecular emission is emerging from the spine of the jet with an average diamete…
The discovery over the last several decades of moderate luminosity AGNs in disk-dominated galaxies - which show no "classical" bulges - suggests that secular mechanisms represent an important growth pathway for supermassive black holes in these systems. We present new follow-up NuSTAR observations of the optically-elusive AGNs in two bulgeless galaxies, NGC 4178 and J0851+3926. NGC 4178 was originally reported as hosting an AGN based on the detection of [Ne V] mid-infrared emission detected by Spitzer, and based on Chandra X-ray imaging it has since been argued to host either a heavily obscure…
A primary new capability of JWST is the ability to penetrate the dust in star forming galaxies to identify and study the properties of young star clusters that remain embedded in dust and gas. In this paper we combine new infrared images taken with JWST with our optical HST images of the star-bursting barred (Seyfert2) spiral galaxy NGC 1365. We find that this galaxy has the richest population of massive young clusters of any known galaxy within 30 Mpc, with $\sim$ 30 star clusters that are more massive than 10$^6$ Msolar and younger than 10 Myr. Sixteen of these clusters are newly discovered …
NGC 1266 is a lenticular galaxy (S0) hosting an active galactic nucleus (AGN), and known to contain a large amount of shocked gas. We compare the luminosity ratio of mid-\emph{J} CO lines to IR continuum with star-forming galaxies (SFGs), and then model the CO spectral line energy distribution (SLED). We confirm that in the mid- and high-\emph{J} regions ($J_{\rm up}$ = 4--13), the C-type shock ($v_{\rm s}$ = 25 km s$^{-1}$, $n_{\rm H}$ = $5\times10^{4}$ cm$^{-3}$) can reproduce the CO observations well. The galaxy spectral energy distribution (SED) is constructed and modeled by the code {\tt …
The detailed study of nuclear regions of galaxies is important because it can help understanding the active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback mechanisms, the connections between the nuclei and their host galaxies, and ultimately the galaxy formation processes. We present the analysis of an optical data cube of the central region of the galaxy NGC 2442, obtained with the integral field unit (IFU) of the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS). We also performed a multiwavelength analysis, with Chandra data, XMM--Newton and NuSTAR spectra, and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images. The analysis reve…
NGC 253 is a nearby starburst galaxy in the Sculptor group located at a distance of 3.5 Mpc that has been suggested by some authors as a potential site for cosmic-ray acceleration up to ultra-high energies. Its nuclear region is heavily obscured by gas and dust, which prevents establishing whether or not the galaxy harbours a supermassive black hole coexisting with the starburst. Some sources have been proposed in the literature as candidates for an active nucleus. In this work, we aim at determining the implications that the presence of a supermassive black hole at the nucleus of NGC 253 migh…
We report the hard X-ray (3-50 keV) view of the compact group HCG 16 (Arp 318) observed with Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR). NGC 838 and NGC 839 are undetected at energies above 8 keV, showing no evidence of heavily obscured active galactic nuclei (AGNs). This confirms that these are starburst-dominant galaxies as previously suggested. We perform a comprehensive broadband (0.3-50 keV) X-ray spectral analysis of the interacting galaxies NGC 833 and NGC 835, using data of NuSTAR, Chandra, and XMM-Newton observed on multiple epochs from 2000 to 2015. NuSTAR detects the transmitted…
The NuSTAR View of Nearby Compton-thick AGN: The Cases of NGC 424, NGC 1320 and IC 2560
本文介绍了NuSTAR在3-79 keV波段观测到的三个Seyfert 2活动星系核NGC 424、NGC 1320和IC 2560的X射线光谱分析。高质量的硬X射线光谱允许在这些源中首次对康普顿反射分量进行详细建模。使用准同步NuSTAR和Swift/XRT数据，以及档案XMM-牛顿数据，我们发现，所有三个核被掩盖的康普顿厚的材料，柱密度超过~5 x $10^{24}$ cm $^{-2}$，和他们的X射线光谱超过3千电子伏的康普顿厚的材料上的反射的内在连续性占主导地位。由于非常高的遮蔽度，吸收的本征连续谱分量在任何源中的数据都不是正式要求的。我们通过反射光谱的形状来约束反射介质的内禀光子指数和柱密度。使用档案多波长数据，我们恢复的固有的X射线光度与宽带光谱能量分布一致。我们的研究结果是一致的反射介质是一个边缘上的cluerectorus具有相对较大的全球覆盖因子和整体反射效率的顺序为1%。由于明确确认的康普顿厚的性质的来源，我们调查是否有可能错过了康普顿厚AGN的常用选择标准，并探讨找到他们的高红移同行的可能性。
Current measurements show that the observed fraction of Compton-thick (CT) AGN is smaller than the expected values needed to explain the cosmic X-ray background. Prior fits to the X-ray spectrum of the nearby Seyfert-2 galaxy NGC 5347 ($z=0.00792,\, D =35.5 \rm ~Mpc $) have alternately suggested a CT and Compton-thin source. Combining archival data from $Suzaku$, $Chandra$, and - most importantly - new data from $NuSTAR$, and using three distinct families of models, we show that NGC 5347 is an obscured CTAGN ($N_{\rm H} > 2.23\times 10^{24}~\rm cm^{-2}$). Its 2-30~keV spectrum is dominated by …
NGC 1275 is one of the most conspicuous active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the local Universe. The radio jet currently emits a flux density of $\sim 10$ Jy at $\sim 1$ mm wavelengths, down from the historic high of $\sim 65$ Jy in 1980. Yet, the nature of the AGN in NGC 1275 is still controversial. It has been debated whether this is a broad emission line (BEL) Seyfert galaxy, an obscured Seyfert galaxy, a narrow line radio galaxy or a BL-Lac object. We clearly demonstrate a persistent H$β$ BEL over the last 35 years with a full width half maximum (FWHM) of 4150 - 6000 km/s. We also find a promin…
