We report the results of the monitoring campaign of the transient X-ray pulsar SMC X-2 performed with the Swift/XRT telescope over the period of 2015 September - 2016 January during the Type II outburst. During this event, the bolometric luminosity of the source ranged from $\simeq10^{39}$ down to several$\times10^{34}$ erg/s. Moreover, we discovered its dramatic drop by a factor of more than 100 below the limiting value of $L_{\rm lim}\simeq4\times10^{36}$ erg/s, which can be interpreted as a transition to the propeller regime. These measurements make SMC X-2 the sixth pulsating X-ray source where such a transition is observed and allow us to estimate the magnetic field of the neutron star in the system $B\simeq3\times10^{12}$ G, which is in agreement with independent results of the spectral analysis.
The spin-down rate of PSR J1023+0038, one of the three confirmed transitional millisecond pulsars, was measured in both radio pulsar (RMSP) and X-ray pulsar (LMXB) states. The spin-down rate in the LMXB state is only about 27 % greater than in the RMSP state (Jaodand et al. 2016). The inner disk radius, r_in, obtained recently by Ertan (2017) for the propeller phase, which is close to the co-rotation radius, r_co, and insensitive to the mass-flow rate, can explain the observed torques together with the X-ray luminosities, Lx . The X-ray pulsar and radio pulsar states correspond to accretion wi…
We have investigated the critical conditions required for a steady propeller effect for magnetized neutron stars with optically thick, geometrically thin accretion disks. We have shown through simple analytical calculations that a steady-state propeller mechanism cannot be sustained at an inner disk radius where the viscous and magnetic stresses are balanced. The radius calculated by equating these stresses is usually found to be close to the conventional Alfven radius for spherical accretion, r_A. Our results show that: (1) a steady propeller phase can be established with a maximum inner disk…
We present the results of the monitoring programmes performed with the Swift/XRT telescope and aimed specifically to detect an abrupt decrease of the observed flux associated with a transition to the propeller regime in two well known X-ray pulsars 4U 0115+63 and V 0332+53 during their giant outbursts in 2015. Such transitions were detected at the threshold luminosities of $(1.4\pm0.4)\times10^{36}$ erg s$^{-1}$ and $(2.0\pm0.4)\times10^{36}$ erg s$^{-1}$ for 4U 0115+63 and V 0332+53, respectively. Spectra of the sources are shown to be significantly softer during the low state. In both source…
{\it NuSTAR} has detected pulsations from the ultraluminous X-ray source X-2 in M82 and archival {\it Chandra} observations have given us a good idea of its duty cycle. The newly discovered pulsar exhibited at least 4 super-Eddington outbursts in the past 15 years but, in its lowest-power state, it radiates just below the Eddington limit and its properties appear to be typical of high-mass X-ray binaries. M82 X-2 has been described as a common neutron star with a 1~TG magnetic field that occasionally accretes above the Eddington rate and as a magnetar-like pulsar with a 10-100~TG magnetic fiel…
We report on the temporal properties of the ULX pulsar M51 ULX-7 inferred from the analysis of the 2018-2020 Swift/XRT monitoring data and archival Chandra data obtained over a period of 33 days in 2012. We find an extended low flux state, which might be indicative of propeller transition, lending further support to the interpretation that the NS is rotating near equilibrium. Alternatively, this off state could be related to a variable super-orbital period. Moreover, we report the discovery of periodic dips in the X-ray light curve that are associated with the binary orbital period. The presen…
The $γ$-ray pulsar binary system PSR B1259-63 flares in GeV after each periastron. The origin of those flares is still under debate. Recently, [2017ApJ...844..114Y] proposed a mechanism that might explain the GeV flares. In that model, a transient accretion disc is expected to be formed from the matter which was gravity-captured by the neutron star from the main sequence companion's circumstellar disc. The transient accretion disc exerts a spin down torque on the neutron star (propeller effect), which might be traceable via pulsar timing observation of PSR B1259-63. In this paper, we phenomeno…
The discovery of millisecond pulsars switching between states powered either by the rotation of their magnetic field or by the accretion of matter, has recently proved the tight link shared by millisecond radio pulsars and neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries. Transitional millisecond pulsars also show an enigmatic intermediate state in which the neutron star is surrounded by an accretion disk, it emits coherent X-ray pulsations, but is sub-luminous in X-rays with respect to accreting neutron stars, and is brighter in gamma-rays than millisecond pulsars in the rotation-powered state. Here,…
We report the Chandra/HRC-S and Swift/XRT observations for the 2015 outburst of the high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) pulsar in the Small Magellanic Cloud, SMC X-2. While previous studies suggested that either an O star or a Be star in the field is the high-mass companion of SMC X-2, our Chandra/HRC-S image unambiguously confirms the O-type star as the true optical counterpart. Using the Swift/XRT observations, we extracted accurate orbital parameters of the pulsar binary through a time of arrivals (TOAs) analysis. In addition, there were two X-ray dips near the inferior conjunction, which are pos…
Optical and X-ray observations are presented here of a newly reported X-ray transient system in the Small Magellanic Cloud - SXP7.92. A detailed analysis of the X-ray data reveal a coherent period of 7.9s. A search through earlier X-ray observations of the SMC reveal a previously unknown earlier detection of this system. Follow-up X-ray observations identified a new transient source within the error circle of the previous observations. An optical counterpart, AzV285, is proposed which reveals clear evidence for a 36.8d binary period.
Modes in Transitional Millisecond Pulsars: Evidence of Pulsar Wind-Induced Disk Heating from GRMHD and Radiative Transfer
Norwegian University of Science and Technology（挪威科技大学）；University of Valladolid UVA（巴利亚多利德大学）；Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM（艾克斯-马赛大学）；Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya（加泰罗尼亚理工大学）；Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory（普林斯顿等离子体物理实验室）；Northwestern University（西北大学）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）
We present here the first convincing observational manifestation of a magnetar-like magnetic field in an accreting neutron star in binary system - the first pulsating ultra-luminous X-ray source X-2 in the galaxy M82. Using the Chandra X-ray observatory data we show that the source exhibit the bimodal distribution of the luminosity with two well-defined peaks separated by a factor of 40. This behaviour can be interpreted as the action of the "propeller regime" of accretion. The onset of the propeller in a 1.37 s pulsar at luminosity of ~$10^{40}$ erg/s implies the dipole component of the neutr…
We analyse the most powerful X-ray outbursts from neutron stars in ten Magellanic high-mass X-ray binaries and three pulsating ultraluminous X-ray sources. Most of the outbursts rise to $L_{max}$ which is about the level of the Eddington luminosity, while the rest and more powerful outbursts also appear to recognize that limit when their emissions are assumed to be anisotropic and beamed toward our direction. We use the measurements of pulsar spin periods $P_S$ and their derivatives $\dot{P_S}$ to calculate the X-ray luminosities $L_p$ in their faintest accreting ("propeller") states. In four …
Fallback disks are expected to form around young neutron stars. The presence of these disks can be revealed by their blackbody spectrum in the infrared, optical and UV bands. We present a re-reduction of the archival optical and infrared data of the Vela pulsar, together with the existing infrared and UV spectrum of Vela, and model their unpulsed components with the blackbody spectrum of a supernova debris disk. We invoke the quiescent disk solution of Sunyaev and Shakura for the description of the disk in the propeller stage and find the inner radius of the disk to be inside the light cylinde…
Thanks to long-term X-ray monitoring, a number of interacting binaries are now known to show X-ray periodicities on timescales of tens to hundreds of binary orbits. In some systems, precession of a warped accretion disc is the leading model to explain the superorbital modulation. The High Mass X-ray Binary SMC X-1 showed two excursions in superorbital period (from ~60d to ~45d) during the 1996-2011 interval, suggesting that some characteristic of the accretion disc is varying on a timescale of years. Because its behaviour as an X-ray pulsar has also been intensively monitored, SMC X-1 offers t…
AX J0043-737 is a source in the ASCA catalogue, the nature of which is uncertain. It is most commonly classified as a Crab-like pulsar in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) following apparent detection of pulsations at ~ 87 ms from a single ASCA observation. A follow-up ASCA observation was not able to confirm this, and the X-ray detection of the source has not been reported since. With a dedicated XMM-Newton, observation, we studied the nature of the source. We ascertained the source position, searched for the most probable counterpart and studied the X-ray spectrum. We also analysed other arch…
The TRAPUM collaboration has used the MeerKAT telescope to conduct a search for pulsed radio emission from the young Small Magellanic Cloud pulsar J0058-7218 located in the supernova remnant IKT 16, following its discovery in X-rays with XMM-Newton. We report no significant detection of dispersed, pulsed radio emission from this source in three 2-hour L-band observations using the core dishes of MeerKAT, setting an upper limit of 7.0 μJy on its mean flux density at 1284 MHz. This is nearly 7 times deeper than previous radio searches for this pulsar in Parkes L-band observations. This suggests …
The X-ray source 1E 161348-5055 in the supernova remnant RCW 103 recently exhibited X-ray activity typical of magnetars, i.e. neutron stars with magnetic fields > 10^14-10^15 G. However, 1E 161348-5055 has an observed period of 6.67 hr, in contrast to magnetars which have a spin period of seconds. Here we describe a simple model which can explain the spin evolution of 1E 161348-5055, as well as other magnetars, from an initial period of milliseconds that would be required for dynamo generation of magnetar-strength magnetic fields. We propose that the key difference between 1E 161348-5055 and o…
The 80 high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) pulsars that are known to reside in the Magellanic Clouds (MCs) have been observed by the XMM-Newton and Chandra X-ray telescopes on a regular basis for 15 years, and the XMM-Newton and Chandra archives contain nearly complete information about the duty cycles of the sources with spin periods P_S < 100 s. We have rerprocessed the archival data from both observatories and we combined the output products with all the published observations of 31 MC pulsars with P_S < 100 s in an attempt to investigate the faintest X-ray emission states of these objects that o…
The understanding of the accretion process on to compact objects in binary systems is an important part of modern astrophysics. Theoretical work, primarily that of Ghosh & Lamb (1979), has made clear predictions for the behaviour of such systems which have been generally supported by observational results of considerably varying quality from galactic accreting pulsar systems. In this work a much larger homogeneous population of such objects in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is used to provide more demanding tests of the accretion theory. The results are extremely supportive of the theoretica…
We present a broad-band X-ray study of the effect of superorbital periods on X-ray spectra and pulse profiles in the neutron star X-ray binaries LMC X-4 and SMC X-1. These two sources display periodic or quasi-periodic variations in luminosity on the order of tens of days which are known to be superorbital, and are attributed to warped, precessing accretion disks. Using joint NuSTAR and XMM-Newton observations that span a complete superorbital cycle, we examine the broad-band spectra of these sources and find the shape to be well described by an absorbed power law with a soft blackbody compone…
We report the timing analysis results of X-ray pulsars from a recent deep Chandra survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). We have analyzed a total exposure of 1.4 Ms from 31 observations over a 1.2 deg$^2$ region in the SMC under a Chandra X-ray Visionary Program. Using the Lomb-Scargle and epoch folding techniques, we have detected periodic modulations from 20 pulsars and a new candidate pulsar. The survey also covers 11 other pulsars with no clear sign of periodic modulation. The 0.5-8 keV X-ray luminosity ($L_X$) of the pulsars ranges from $10^{34}$ to $10^{37}$ erg s$^{-1}$ at 60 kpc. …
Transitional millisecond pulsars are systems that alternate between an accreting low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) state, and a non-accreting radio pulsar state. When at the LMXB state, their X-ray and optical light curves show rapid flares and dips, origin of which is not well understood. We present results from our optical and NIR observing campaign of PSR J1023+0038, a transitional millisecond pulsar observed in an accretion state. Our wide band optical photopolarimetry indicates that the system shows intrinsic linear polarisation, the degree of which is anticorrelated with optical emission, i.e…
We report the evidence for the anti-correlation between pulsed fraction (PF) and luminosity of the X-ray pulsar SXP 1323, found for the first time in a luminosity range $10^{35}$--$10^{37}$ erg s$^{-1}$ from observations spanning 15 years. The phenomenon of a decrease in X-ray PF when the source flux increases has been observed in our pipeline analysis of other X-ray pulsars in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). It is expected that the luminosity under a certain value decreases as the PF decreases due to the propeller effect. Above the propeller region, an anti-correlation between the PF and fl…
We model the present day, observable, normal radio pulsar population of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). The pulsars are generated with SeBa, a binary population synthesis code that evolves binaries and the constituent stellar objects up to remnant formation and beyond. We define radio pulsars by selecting neutron stars that satisfy a selection of criteria defined by Galactic pulsars, and apply the detection thresholds of previous and future SMC pulsar surveys.The number of synthesised and recovered pulsars are exceptionally sensitive to the assumed star formation history and applied radio lu…
We report the first rotation powered pulsars discovered in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) in more than a decade. PSR J0043-73 and PSR J0052-72 were discovered during a Parkes Multi-Beam (PMB) survey of MCSNR J0127-7332, and five new, optically selected, supernova remnant (SNR) candidates identified by the XMM Newton survey. In addition to the candidates, we adjusted the PMB rotation to include an additional nine SNRs and pulsar wind nebulae. We searched for young pulsars (1 - 200 ms) employing a Fourier analysis with PRESTO, as well as a search for longer period pulsars (200 ms - 360 s) with…
In this paper we present the identification of two periodic X-ray signals coming from the direction of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). On detection with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE), the 175.4s and 85.4s pulsations were considered to originate from new Be/X-ray binary (BeXRB) pulsars with unknown locations. Using rapid follow-up INTEGRAL and XMM-Newton observations, we show the first pulsar (designated SXP175) to be coincident with a candidate high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) in the northern bar region of the SMC undergoing a small Type II outburst. The orbital period (87d) and spectr…
We report broadband spectral properties of the high mass X-ray binary pulsar SMC X-2 by using three simultaneous $NuSTAR$ and $Swift$/XRT observations during its 2015 outburst. The pulsar was significantly bright, reaching a luminosity up to as high as $\sim$5.5$\times$10$^{38}$~ergs~s$^{-1}$ in 1-70 keV range. Spin period of the pulsar was estimated to be 2.37 s. Pulse profiles were found to be strongly luminosity dependent. The 1-70 keV energy spectrum of the pulsar was well described with three different continuum models such as (i) negative and positive power-law with exponential cutoff, (…
Magnetic field of accreting neutron stars determines their overall behaviour including the maximum possible luminosity. Some models require an above-average magnetic field strength (> 10^13 G) in order to explain super-Eddington mass accretion rate in the recently discovered class of pulsating ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULX). The peak luminosity of SMC X-3 during its major outburst in 2016-2017 reached ~2.5x10^39 erg/s comparable to that in ULXs thus making this source the nearest ULX-pulsar. SMC X-3 belongs to the class of transient X-ray pulsars with Be optical companions, and exhibited a …
We report on a new Be/X-ray pulsar binary located in the Wing of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). The strong pulsed X-ray source was discovered with the Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observatories. The X-ray pulse period of 1062 s is consistently determined from both Chandra and XMM-Newton observations, revealing one of the slowest rotating X-ray pulsars known in the SMC. The optical counterpart of the X-ray source is the emission-line star 2dFS 3831. Its B0-0.5(III)e+ spectral type is determined from VLT-FLAMES and 2dF optical spectroscopy, establishing the system as a Be/X-ray binary (Be-XRB…
We report here on the discovery with XMM-Newton of pulsations at 22 ms from the central compact source associated with IKT16, a supernova remnant in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). The measured spin period and spin period derivative correspond to 21.7661076(2) ms and $2.9(3)\times10^{-14}$ s,s$^{-1}$, respectively. Assuming standard spin-down by magnetic dipole radiation, the spin-down power corresponds to $1.1\times10^{38}$,erg,s$^{-1}$ implying a Crab-like pulsar. This makes it the most energetic pulsar discovered in the SMC so far and a close analogue of PSR J0537--6910, a Crab-like pulsa…
We report on the monitoring of the final stage of the outburst from the first Galactic ultraluminous X-ray pulsar Swift J0243.6+6124, which reached $\sim$40 Eddington luminosities at the peak of the outburst. The main aim of the monitoring program with the {\it Swift}/XRT telescope was to measure the magnetic field of the neutron star using the luminosity of transition to the "propeller" state. The visibility constraints, unfortunately, did not permit us to observe the source down to the fluxes low enough to detect such a transition. The tight upper limit on the propeller luminosity $L_{\rm pr…
XSS J12270-4859 is the only low mass X-ray binary (LMXB) with a proposed persistent gamma-ray counterpart in the Fermi-LAT domain, 2FGL 1227.7-4853. Here, we present the results of the analysis of recent INTEGRAL observations, aimed at assessing the long-term variability of the hard X-ray emission, and thus the stability of the accretion state. We confirm that the source behaves as a persistent hard X-ray emitter between 2003 and 2012. We propose that XSS J12270-4859 hosts a neutron star in a propeller state, a state we investigate in detail, developing a theoretical model to reproduce the ass…
We report on analysis of properties of the X-ray binary pulsar GROJ1750-27 based on X-ray (Chandra, Swift, and Fermi/GBM), and near-infrared (VVV and UKIDSS surveys) observations. An accurate position of the source is determined for the first time and used to identify its infrared counterpart. Based on the VVV data we investigate the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the companion, taking into account a non-standard absorption law in the source direction. A comparison of this SED with those of known Be/X-ray binaries and early type stars has allowed us to estimate a lower distance limit to…
We present a source catalog from the first deep hard X-ray ($E>10$ keV) survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), the NuSTAR Legacy Survey of the SMC. We observed three fields, for a total exposure time of 1 Ms, along the bar of this nearby star-forming galaxy. Fields were chosen for their young stellar and accreting binary populations. We detected 10 sources above a 3$σ$ significance level (4$-$25 keV) and obtained upper limits on an additional 40 sources. We reached a 3$σ$ limiting luminosity in the 4$-$25 keV band of $\sim$ $10^{35}$ erg s$^{-1}$, allowing us to probe fainter X-ray binary…
Discovery of the Slowest Radio Pulsar in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Trinity College, Univeristy of Cambridge（剑桥大学三一学院）；Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)（马克斯·普朗克引力物理研究所（阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦研究所））；Leibniz Universität Hannover（汉诺威莱布尼茨大学）
Transitional millisecond pulsars provide a unique set of observational data for understanding accretion at low rates onto magnetized neutron stars. In particular, PSR~J1023+0038 exhibits a remarkable bimodality of the X-ray luminosity (low and high modes), pulsations extending from the X-ray to the optical band, GeV emission, and occasional X-ray flares. We discuss a scenario for the pulsar interaction with the accretion disk capable of explaining the observed behavior. We suggest that during the high mode the disk is truncated outside the light cylinder, allowing the pulsar wind to develop ne…
Aims: IKT 16 is an X-ray and radio-faint supernova remnant (SNR) in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). A detailed X-ray study of this SNR with XMM-Newton confirmed the presence of a hard X-ray source near its centre, indicating the detection of the first composite SNR in the SMC. With a dedicated Chandra observation we aim to resolve the point source and confirm its nature. We also acquire new ATCA observations of the source at 2.1 GHz with improved flux density estimates and resolution. Methods: We perform detailed spatial and spectral analysis of the source. With the highest resolution X-ray …
The source 4U 1901+03 is a high-mass X-ray pulsar than went into outburst in 2003. Observation performed with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer showed spectral and timing variability, including the detection of flares, quasi-periodic oscillations, complex changes in the pulse profiles, and pulse phase dependent spectral variability. We re-analysed the data covering the 2003 X-ray outburst and focused on several aspects of the variability that have not been discussed so far. These are the 10 keV feature and the X-ray spectral states and their association with accretion regimes, including the tran…
SXP 15.6 is a recently established Be star X-ray binary system (BeXRB) in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). Like many such systems the variable X-ray emission is driven by the underlying behaviour of the mass donor Be star. It is shown here that the neutron star in this system is exceptionally close to spin equilibrium averaged over several years, with the angular momentum gain from mass transfer being almost exactly balanced by radiative losses. This makes SXP 15.6 exceptional compared to all other known members of its class in the SMC, all of whom exhibit much higher spin period changes. In …
We present an optical and X-ray study of four Be/X-ray binaries located in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). OGLE I-band data of up to 11 years of semi-continuous monitoring has been analysed for SMC X-2, SXP172 and SXP202B, providing both a measurement of the orbital period (Porb = 18.62, 68.90, and 229.9 days for the pulsars respectively) and a detailed optical orbital profile for each pulsar. For SXP172 this has allowed a direct comparison of the optical and X-ray emission seen through regular RXTE monitoring, revealing that the X-ray outbursts precede the optical by around 7 days. Recent X…
We have collected and analyzed the complete archive of {\itshape XMM-Newton\} (116), {\itshape Chandra\} (151), and {\itshape RXTE\} (952) observations of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), spanning 1997-2014. The resulting observational library provides a comprehensive view of the physical, temporal and statistical properties of the SMC pulsar population across the luminosity range of $L_X= 10^{31.2}$--$10^{38}$~erg~s$^{-1}$. From a sample of 67 pulsars we report $\sim$1654 individual pulsar detections, yielding $\sim$1260 pulse period measurements. Our pipeline generates a suite of products f…
In continuation of our earlier work on the long-term evolution of the so-called high--B radio pulsars (HBRPs) with measured braking indices, we have investigated the long-term evolution of the remaining five HBRPs for which braking indices have not been measured yet. This completes our source-by-source analyses of HBRPs in the fallback disc model that was also applied earlier to anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs), soft gamma repeaters (SGRs), and dim isolated neutron stars (XDINs). Our results show that the X-ray luminosities and the rotational properties of these rather different neutron star pop…
So far quite a few ultraluminous X-ray (ULX) pulsars have been discovered. In this work, we construct a super-Eddington, magnetic accretion disk model to estimate the dipole magnetic field of eight ULX pulsars based on their observed spin-up variations and luminosities. We obtain two branches of dipole magnetic field solutions. They are distributed in the range of $B\sim (0.16-64.5)\times 10^{10}\,{\rm G}$ and $\sim (0.275-79.0)\times 10^{13}\,{\rm G}$ corresponding to the low- and high-$B$ solutions respectively. The low magnetic field solutions correspond to the state that the neutron stars …
The flux of gamma rays with energies >100MeV is dominated by diffuse emission from CRs illuminating the ISM of our Galaxy through the processes of Bremsstrahlung, pion production and decay, and inverse-Compton scattering. The study of this diffuse emission provides insight into the origin and transport of CRs. We searched for gamma-ray emission from the SMC in order to derive constraints on the CR population and transport in an external system with properties different from the Milky Way. We analysed the first 17 months of continuous all-sky observations by the Large Area Telescope of the Ferm…
We report a 72 ks XMM-Newton observation of the Be/X-ray pulsar (BeXRP) RX J0812.4-3114 in quiescence ($L_X \approx 1.6 \times 10^{33}~\mathrm{erg~s^{-1}}$). Intriguingly, we find a two component spectrum, with a hard power-law ($Γ\approx 1.5$) and a soft blackbody-like excess below $\approx 1~\mathrm{keV}$. The blackbody component is consistent in $kT$ with a prior quiescent Chandra observation reported by Tsygankov et al. and has an inferred blackbody radius of $\approx 10~\mathrm{km}$, consistent with emission from the entire neutron star (NS) surface. There is also mild evidence for an abs…
The Be X-ray binary EXO 2030+375 was in an extended low luminosity state during most of 2016. We observed this state with NuSTAR and Swift, supported by INTEGRAL observations as well as optical spectroscopy with the NOT. We present a comprehensive spectral and timing analysis of these data here to study the accretion geometry and investigate a possible onset of the propeller effect. The H-alpha data show that the circumstellar disk of the Be-star is still present. We measure equivalent widths similar to values found during more active phases in the past, indicating that the low-luminosity stat…
Mining the time axis with TRON - III. Discovery of a nulling pulsar towards the SMC with MeerKAT
Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies (RATT), Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University（罗德岛大学物理与电子学院射电天文技术与理论中心）；South African Radio Astronomy Observatory（南非射电天文观测台）；High Energy Physics, Cosmology & Astrophysics Theory (HEPCAT) Group, Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town（开普敦大学数学与应用数学系高能物理、宇宙学与天体物理学理论组）；Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town（开普敦大学天文学系）；Institute for Radioastronomy, National Institute of Astrophysics (INAF IRA)（国家天体物理研究所射电天文研究所）；Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford（牛津大学物理系天体物理学）；Breakthrough Listen, Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford（突破聆听计划牛津大学物理系天体物理学）
We analyse \emph{INTEGRAL} (between 2005 October and 2007 November) and \emph{RXTE} (between 2007 June and 2011 March) observations of the accretion powered pulsar 4U 1907+09. From \emph{INTEGRAL} IBIS-ISGRI and \emph{RXTE}-PCA observations, we update pulse period history of the source. We construct power spectrum density of pulse frequencies and find that fluctuations in the pulse frequency derivatives are consistent with the random walk model with a noise strength of $1.27\times10^{-21}$ Hz s$^{-2}$. From the X-ray spectral analysis of \emph{RXTE}-PCA observations, we find that Hydrogen colu…
