大部分高z质量黑洞的起源：BLUETIDES和下一个类星体边界
The origin of most massive black holes at high-z: BLUETIDES and the next quasar frontier
摘要：
早期宇宙中质量最大的黑洞的生长，与在$z> 6$探测到的高亮度类星体相一致，意味着物质的持续、临界吸积使它们生长并提供动力。给定一个黑洞种子场景，仍然不确定早期宇宙中的哪些条件允许最快的黑洞增长。大尺度流体动力学宇宙学模拟的结构形成，使我们能够探索有利于最早的超大质量黑洞的生长条件。我们使用宇宙学流体动力学模拟BlueTides来跟踪黑洞临界增长的最早阶段。BlueTides在一个体积为（400 Mpc/h）^3、粒子数为0.7万亿的空间中融合了各种重子物理学。在z=8时，质量最大的黑洞（少数）接近10^8 Msun的质量，质量最大的（M_BH = 4 x 10^8 Msun）是在一个极其紧凑的球状体主导的宿主星系中发现的。通过对宿主大尺度环境的考察，我们发现初始潮汐场比过密场更能为黑洞的早期生长提供条件。在低潮场的区域，气体以“冷”的方式吸积在黑洞上，并沿着薄而放射状的细丝直接落入中心，形成最致密的星系和最大质量的黑洞。相反，高潮汐场的区域会引起更大的相干角动量，并影响第一批大质量致密盘的形成。极早期的增长取决于早期的相互作用的高气体密度和潮汐场的形状模式的吸积。合并在第一代罕见的大规模黑洞的形成中起着次要的作用。
英文摘要：
The growth of the most massive black holes in the early universe, consistent with the detection of highly luminous quasars at $z> 6$ implies sustained, critical accretion of material to grow and power them. Given a black hole seed scenario, it is still uncertain which conditions in the early Universe allow the fastest black hole growth. Large scale hydrodynamical cosmological simulations of structure formation allow us to explore the conditions conducive to the growth of the earliest supermassive black holes. We use the cosmological hydrodynamic simulation BlueTides, which incorporates a variety of baryon physics in a (400 Mpc/h)^3 volume with 0.7 trillion particles to follow the earliest phases of black hole critical growth. At z=8 the most massive black holes (a handful) approach masses of 10^8 Msun with the most massive (with M_BH = 4 x 10^8 Msun ) being found in an extremely compact spheroid-dominated host galaxy. Examining the large-scale environment of hosts, we find that the initial tidal field is more important than overdensity in setting the conditions for early BH growth. In regions of low tidal fields gas accretes 'cold' onto the black hole and falls along thin, radial filaments straight into the center forming the most compact galaxies and most massive black holes at earliest times. Regions of high tidal fields instead induce larger coherent angular momenta and influence the formation of the first population of massive compact disks. The extreme early growth depends on the early interplay of high gas densities and the tidal field that shapes the mode of accretion. Mergers play a minor role in the formation of the first generation, rare massive BHs.
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