IMF $\mathit{B}_{y}$如何在封闭的magnetosphere中诱导出$\mathit{B}_{y}$分量，以及它如何导致两个半球中的不对称电流和对流模式
How the IMF $\mathit{B}_{y}$ induces a $\mathit{B}_{y}$ component in the closed magnetosphere and how it leads to asymmetric currents and convection patterns in the two hemispheres
摘要：
利用Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry全球磁流体动力学模型研究了行星际磁场（IMF）IMF $\mathit{B}_{y}$分量对太阳风与磁层-电离层系统耦合的影响。当IMF与磁场重新连接，IMF $\mathit{B}_{y}$ $\neq$ 0时，通量输运在两半球之间不对称分布。我们描述了$\mathit{B}_{y}$是如何在封闭的磁层的昼侧和夜侧，并提出了控制方程。磁层对电离层施加了不对称的力，对电离层流动的影响表现为扭曲的对流单元模式，通常称为“香蕉”和“橙色”单元模式。不对称地加到波瓣上的磁通导致闭合磁层中的非均匀感应$\mathit{B}_{y}$。通过包括系统的动力学，我们引入了一种机制，预测不对称的伯克兰电流在共轭脚点。不对称的Birkeland电流是由于回流中包含的$\textit {y}$定向张力而产生的。与这些电流，我们预计快速本地化的电离层方位流存在于一个半球，但不一定在其他。我们还提出了电流密度测量活动磁层和行星电动力学响应实验，这是一致的。我们认为，诱导的$\mathit{B}_{y}$产生不对称的Birkeland电流的结果，半球之间的不对称应力平衡。这种不对称性还将导致不对称的足点和电离层中方位流的不对称性。因此，这些现象应统一对待。
英文摘要：
We used the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry global magnetohydrodynamics model to study the effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) IMF $\mathit{B}_{y}$ component on the coupling between the solar wind and magnetosphere-ionosphere system. When the IMF reconnects with the terrestrial magnetic field with IMF $\mathit{B}_{y}$ $\neq$ 0, flux transport is asymmetrically distributed between the two hemispheres. We describe how $\mathit{B}_{y}$ is induced in the closed magnetosphere on both the dayside and nightside and present the governing equations. The magnetosphere imposes asymmetric forces on the ionosphere, and the effects on the ionospheric flow are characterized by distorted convection cell patterns, often referred to as "banana" and "orange" cell patterns. The flux asymmetrically added to the lobes results in a non-uniform induced $\mathit{B}_{y}$ in the closed magnetosphere. By including the dynamics of the system, we introduce a mechanism that predicts asymmetric Birkeland currents at conjugate foot points. Asymmetric Birkeland currents are created as a consequence of $\textit {y}$ directed tension contained in the return flow. Associated with these currents, we expect fast localized ionospheric azimuthal flows present in one hemisphere but not necessarily in the other. We also present current density measurements from Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment that are consistent with this picture. We argue that the induced $\mathit{B}_{y}$ produces asymmetrical Birkeland currents as a consequence of asymmetric stress balance between the hemispheres. Such an asymmetry will also lead to asymmetrical foot points and asymmetries in the azimuthal flow in the ionosphere. These phenomena should therefore be treated in a unified way.
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