用Pan-STARRS1映射3D Monoceros环
Mapping the Monoceros Ring in 3D with Pan-STARRS1
摘要：
使用泛STARRS 1调查，我们得出的极限星等，空间完整性和密度图，我们用来探测的三维结构和估计所谓的麒麟座环的恒星质量。麒麟座环是银河系外盘中一个巨大而复杂的恒星子结构。它在银河系的正中心区域（120度< l < 240度，-30度< b < +40度）最明显。我们使用先前开发的MATCH软件，在整个30，000平方度的Pan-STARRS 1调查中，以2 X 2度像素的每一条视线估计其恒星质量密度分布。通过将这个分布解析成径向平滑的分量和麒麟座环，我们获得了它的质量和沿着每条相关视线到太阳的距离。Monoceros Ring在南部（6 kpc）比在北部（9 kpc）更接近我们。我们还创建了平行于银河平面的二维截面，显示了南部135度的麒麟座环和北部170度的麒麟座环。我们发现，北部和南部的结构也大致同心圆，这表明他们可能是一个波荡漾从一个共同的起源。不包括银河平面，我们在120 < l < 240度观测到400万太阳质量的多余恒星质量。如果我们在银河平面上插值，我们估计这个区域包含800万个太阳质量。如果我们假设（有点大胆）麒麟座环是一组两个银心环，它的总恒星质量是6000万太阳质量。最后，如果我们假设它是一组两个圆，中心在反中心方向距离银河系中心4 kpc的点上，正如我们的数据所显示的那样，我们估计它的恒星质量为4000万太阳质量。
英文摘要：
Using the Pan-STARRS1 survey, we derive limiting magnitude, spatial completeness and density maps that we use to probe the three dimensional structure and estimate the stellar mass of the so-called Monoceros Ring. The Monoceros Ring is an enormous and complex stellar sub-structure in the outer Milky Way disk. It is most visible across the large Galactic Anticenter region, 120 < l < 240 degrees, -30 < b < +40 degrees. We estimate its stellar mass density profile along every line of sight in 2 X 2 degree pixels over the entire 30,000 square degree Pan-STARRS1 survey using the previously developed MATCH software. By parsing this distribution into a radially smooth component and the Monoceros Ring, we obtain its mass and distance from the Sun along each relevant line of sight. The Monoceros Ring is significantly closer to us in the South (6 kpc) than in the North (9 kpc). We also create 2D cross sections parallel to the Galactic plane that show 135 degrees of the Monoceros Ring in the South and 170 degrees of the Monoceros Ring in the North. We show that the Northern and Southern structures are also roughly concentric circles, suggesting that they may be a wave rippling from a common origin. Excluding the Galactic plane, we observe an excess stellar mass of 4 million solar masses across 120 < l < 240 degrees. If we interpolate across the Galactic plane, we estimate that this region contains 8 million solar masses. If we assume (somewhat boldly) that the Monoceros Ring is a set of two Galactocentric rings, its total stellar mass is 60 million solar masses. Finally, if we assume that it is a set of two circles centered at a point 4 kpc from the Galactic center in the anti-central direction, as our data suggests, we estimate its stellar mass to be 40 million solar masses.
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