加入M1-branes后宇宙空间的出现和振荡
Emergence and oscillation of cosmic space by joining M1-branes
摘要：
最近，Padmanabhan提出，边界表面上的自由度数量与块体区域中的自由度数量之间的差异导致宇宙膨胀。现在，一个自然的问题出现了，这个模型如何解释宇宙在收缩和膨胀分支之间的振荡？我们试图在仿生系统的框架下解决这个问题。在这个模型中，$M0$ -膜彼此连接并产生一对$M1$ -反$M1$ -膜。存在于这些膜上的场扮演着大质量引力子的角色，导致它们之间出现虫洞并形成BIon系统。这个虫孔溶解成M1-膜，并导致$M1$边界表面上的自由度数目与本体之间的发散，从而导致$M1$ -膜的膨胀。当$M1$ -膜彼此靠近时，它们系统的平方能量变为负值，并出现一些快子态。为了移除这些状态，$M1$ -膜变得紧致，紧致引力的符号改变，导致反引力的产生：在这种情况下，膜彼此远离。通过连接$M1$ -BIon，产生了一个M3-膜和一个反$M3$ -膜，并通过三个虫洞连接，形成一个$M3$ -BIon。这个新系统的行为和初始系统一样，通过膜彼此闭合，它们变得紧凑，通过彼此远离，它们打开。我们的宇宙位于其中一个M3-膜上，通过压缩$M3$ -膜，它收缩，通过打开它，它膨胀。
英文摘要：
Recently, it has been proposed by Padmanabhan that the difference between the number of degrees of freedom on the boundary surface and the number of degrees of freedom in a bulk region leads to the expansion of the universe. Now, a natural question arises, how this model could explain the oscillation of universe between contraction and expansion branches? We try to address this issue in the framework of BIonic system. In this model, $M0$-branes join to each other and give rise to a pair of $M1$-anti-$M1$-branes. The fields which live on these branes play the roles of massive gravitons that cause the emergence of a wormhole between them and formation of a BIon system. This wormhole dissolves into M1-branes and causes a divergence between the number of degrees of freedom on the boundary surface of $M1$ and the bulk leading to an expansion of $M1$-branes. When $M1$-branes become close to each other, the square energy of their system becomes negative and some tachyonic states emerge. To removes these states, $M1$-branes compact, the sign of compacted gravity changes, causing the arising of anti-gravity: in this case, branes get away from each other. By articulating $M1$-BIons, an M3-brane and an anti-$M3$-brane are created and connected by three wormholes forming an $M3$-BIon. This new system behaves like the initial system and by closing branes to each other, they compact and, by getting away from each other, they open. Our universe is located on one of these M3-branes and, by compacting $M3$-brane, it contracts and, by opening it, it expands.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
