将膨胀光球和标准化蜡烛方法应用于II型高原超新星的宇宙学显著红移：到SN 2013 eq的距离
Applying the expanding photosphere and standardized candle methods to Type II-Plateau supernovae at cosmologically significant redshifts: the distance to SN 2013eq
摘要：
基于II型高原SN 2013 eq的光学成像和光谱学，我们提出了一个基于II型超新星的常用距离测定方法的比较研究。SN 2013 eq在哈勃流（z = 0.041 +/- 0.001）中的出现促使我们在膨胀光球法（expanding photosphere method）的框架内研究“角”和“光度”距离之间差异的含义，该方法依赖于通量和角大小之间的关系来产生距离。通过对SNe在不可忽略的红移下的基本方程的重新推导，我们得出结论：SNe的基本方程导致了角距离。观测到的通量应转换到SN静止坐标系中，角大小θ必须用系数（1+z）^[2]进行修正。可替代地，通过实现角度大小的修改，可以将角距离转换为光度距离。对于SN 2013 eq，利用文献中不同的稀释因子，我们得到了它的平均光度距离D_L = 151 +/- 18 Mpc和D_L = 164 +/- 20 Mpc。对II-P型SNe应用标准烛光法得到了一个独立的光度距离估计值（D_L = 168 +/- 16 Mpc），这一估计值与N-S估计值是一致的。
英文摘要：
Based on optical imaging and spectroscopy of the Type II-Plateau SN 2013eq, we present a comparative study of commonly used distance determination methods based on Type II supernovae. The occurrence of SN 2013eq in the Hubble flow (z = 0.041 +/- 0.001) prompted us to investigate the implications of the difference between "angular" and "luminosity" distances within the framework of the expanding photosphere method (EPM) that relies upon a relation between flux and angular size to yield a distance. Following a re-derivation of the basic equations of the EPM for SNe at non-negligible redshifts, we conclude that the EPM results in an angular distance. The observed flux should be converted into the SN rest frame and the angular size, theta, has to be corrected by a factor of (1+z)^2. Alternatively, the EPM angular distance can be converted to a luminosity distance by implementing a modification of the angular size. For SN 2013eq, we find EPM luminosity distances of D_L = 151 +/- 18 Mpc and D_L = 164 +/- 20 Mpc by making use of different sets of dilution factors taken from the literature. Application of the standardized candle method for Type II-P SNe results in an independent luminosity distance estimate (D_L = 168 +/- 16 Mpc) that is consistent with the EPM estimate.
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