原子级薄物质波分束器
An atomically thin matter-wave beamsplitter
摘要：
物质波干涉测量已成为量子物理基础研究和精密测量的重要工具。机械光栅作为原子、分子和团簇的相干分束器发挥了重要作用，因为所有粒子的基本衍射机制是相同的。然而，可偏振物体在它们通过光栅壁时可能经历范德华位移，并且不期望的失相可能阻止与大质量物体的干涉。在这里，我们探讨如何通过将衍射掩模的厚度减小到其最终的物理极限，即单个原子的厚度来最小化这种扰动。我们已经制作了单层和双层石墨烯以及在1 nm薄的碳质联苯膜的衍射掩模。我们确定的条件下，将单层石墨烯纳米带阵列转化为碳纳米卷光栅。我们表明，所有这些超薄纳米掩模可用于大规模分子的高对比度量子衍射。它们可以被看作是对玻尔和爱因斯坦争论的问题的纳米力学答案，即软悬浮的双缝是否会破坏量子干涉。与玻尔的推理一致，我们表明，即使在原子薄光栅的限制下，量子相干性也占上风。
英文摘要：
Matter-wave interferometry has become an essential tool in studies on the foundations of quantum physics and for precision measurements. Mechanical gratings have played an important role as coherent beamsplitters for atoms, molecules and clusters since the basic diffraction mechanism is the same for all particles. However, polarizable objects may experience van der Waals shifts when they pass the grating walls and the undesired dephasing may prevent interferometry with massive objects. Here we explore how to minimize this perturbation by reducing the thickness of the diffraction mask to its ultimate physical limit, i.e. the thickness of a single atom. We have fabricated diffraction masks in single-layer and bilayer graphene as well as in 1 nm thin carbonaceous biphenyl membrane. We identify conditions to transform an array of single layer graphene nanoribbons into a grating of carbon nanoscrolls. We show that all these ultra-thin nanomasks can be used for high-contrast quantum diffraction of massive molecules. They can be seen as a nanomechanical answer to the question debated by Bohr and Einstein whether a softly suspended double slit would destroy quantum interference. In agreement with Bohr's reasoning we show that quantum coherence prevails even in the limit of atomically thin gratings.
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