模拟年轻超新星遗迹的非相对论性垂直激波：在正向和反向激波处的非定常动力学和粒子加速
Non-relativistic perpendicular shocks modeling young supernova remnants: nonstationary dynamics and particle acceleration at forward and reverse shocks
摘要：
对于适用于年轻超新星遗迹的条件的参数，我们提出了一个非相对论等离子体冲击与大规模的垂直磁场倾斜45度角的模拟平面近似3D物理的2D 3V粒子在细胞模拟的结果。我们开发了一种改进的清洁设置，使用不同密度和速度的两个等离子体板的碰撞，导致两个独特的冲击和接触不连续的发展。激波的形成是由产生磁湍流的韦伯型双折射不稳定性介导的。周期性改造观察到在两个冲击具有相似的周期，我们注意到全球的变化，考虑到冲击纹波和湍流电流丝所产生的局部变化。激波反射离子的回旋运动在空间和时间尺度上产生激波波纹。电子和离子的漂移运动不是梯度漂移，而是E × B漂移。我们观察到一个稳定的超热尾的离子谱，但没有电子加速，因为在冲击脚的布尼曼模式的振幅是不够的捕获相对论电子。我们没有看到湍流重连的证据。与其他2D模拟结果的比较表明，等离子体β和离子-电子质量比不是决定性的有效的电子加速，但预加速的功效可能会减少相对于2D的结果，一旦三维效果被完全占。其他微物理因素也可能在发挥作用，以限制布尼曼波的振幅或防止电子返回到足部区域。
英文摘要：
For parameters that are applicable to the conditions at young supernova remnants, we present results of 2D3V particle-in-cell simulations of a non-relativistic plasma shock with a large-scale perpendicular magnetic field inclined at 45-deg angle to the simulation plane to approximate 3D physics. We developed an improved clean setup that uses the collision of two plasma slabs with different density and velocity, leading to the development of two distinctive shocks and a contact discontinuity. The shock formation is mediated by Weibel-type filamentation instabilities that generate magnetic turbulence. Cyclic reformation is observed in both shocks with similar period, for which we note global variations on account of shock rippling and local variations arising from turbulent current filaments. The shock rippling occurs on spatial and temporal scales given by gyro-motions of shock-reflected ions. The drift motion of electrons and ions is not a gradient drift, but commensurates with E x B drift. We observe a stable suprathermal tail in the ion spectra, but no electron acceleration because the amplitude of Buneman modes in the shock foot is insufficient for trapping relativistic electrons. We see no evidence of turbulent reconnection. A comparison with other 2D simulation results suggests that the plasma beta and the ion-to-electron mass ratio are not decisive for efficient electron acceleration, but pre-acceleration efficacy might be reduced with respect to the 2D results once three-dimensional effects are fully accounted for. Other microphysical factors may also be at play to limit the amplitude of Buneman waves or prevent return of electrons to the foot region.
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