电磁量规-自由度和功
Electromagnetic gauge-freedom and work
摘要：
我们认为，带电粒子的热力学功的定义所做的随时间变化的电磁场是一个悬而未决的问题，因为粒子的哈密顿量不是规范不变的。这个问题的解决需要说明场的来源。因此，我们集中在一个较轻的粒子（源）之间的相互作用是电磁和相对论的时候，由一个重的身体（源）所做的工作。功可以通过源的规范不变动能来定义。我们揭示了第一定律（或广义功能定理），这是来自相对论动力学，有明确的有效性条件，并涉及到粒子的哈密顿量的洛伦兹规范的工作。因此，热力学功也与作用在源上的洛伦兹力所做的机械功有关。第一定律的表述是基于将总能量具体分离为源、粒子和电磁场的能量。这种分离是从一致的能量-动量张量推导出来的。因此，它具有相对论的协变性和因果性。
英文摘要：
We argue that the definition of the thermodynamic work done on a charged particle by a time-dependent electromagnetic field is an open problem, because the particle's Hamiltonian is not gauge-invariant. The solution of this problem demands accounting for the source of the field. Hence we focus on the work done by a heavy body (source) on a lighter particle when the interaction between them is electromagnetic and relativistic. The work can be defined via the gauge-invariant kinetic energy of the source. We uncover a formulation of the first law (or the generalized work-energy theorem) which is derived from relativistic dynamics, has definite validity conditions, and relates the work to the particle's Hamiltonian in the Lorenz gauge. Thereby the thermodynamic work also relates to the mechanic work done by the Lorentz force acting on the source. The formulation of the first law is based on a specific separation of the overall energy into those of the source, particle and electromagnetic field. This separation is deduced from a consistent energy-momentum tensor. Hence it holds relativistic covariance and causality.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
