Interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are strongly affected by the absorption of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photons in the interstellar medium (ISM), yet the branching ratio between ionization and fragmentation is poorly studied. This is crucial for the stability and charge state of PAHs in the ISM in different environments, affecting in turn the chemistry, the energy balance, and the contribution of PAHs to the extinction and emission curves. We studied the interaction of PAH cations with VUV photons in the 7-20 eV range from the synchrotron SOLEIL beamline, DESIRS. We recorded by action spectroscopy the relative intensities of photo-fragmentation and photo-ionization for a set of eight PAH cations ranging in size from 14 to 24 carbon atoms, with different structures. At photon energies below ~13.6 eV fragmentation dominates for the smaller species, while for larger species ionization is immediately competitive after the second ionization potential (IP). At higher photon energies, all species behave similarly, the ionization yield gradually increases, leveling off between 0.8 and 0.9 at ~18 eV. Among isomers, PAH structure appears to mainly affect the fragmentation cross section, but not the ionization cross section. We also measured the second IP for all species and the third IP for two of them, all are in good agreement with theoretical ones confirming that PAH cations can be further ionized in the diffuse ISM. Determining actual PAH dication abundances in the ISM will require detailed modeling. Our measured photo-ionization yields for several PAH cations provide a necessary ingredient for such models.
Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of Cationic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Zero Kinetic Energy Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Pentacene Vaporized from Laser Desorption
The Infrared Spectra of Very Large Irregular Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Observational Probes of Astronomical PAH Geometry, Size and Charge
Laboratory photo-chemistry of pyrene clusters: an efficient way to form large PAHs
在这项工作中,我们研究了小PAH团簇(例如,芘簇)。使用四极离子阱结合飞行时间(QIT-TOF)质谱进行实验。结果表明,在强辐射场的作用下,芘团簇转化为较大的多环芳烃。具体地,芘二聚体阳离子(例如,[C $_{16}$ H $_{10}$ $-$ C $_{16}$ H $_{9}$ ] $^+$或C $_{32}$ H $_{19}$ $^+$)将光致异构化和光致异构化为全芳族阳离子(PAH)(例如,C $_{32}$ H $_{16}$ $^+$)与激光照射。用量子化学计算方法研究了新生成的多环芳烃的结构和这些反应途径的离解能。这些研究提供了一种新的有效的演变路线,在星际介质(ISM)中形成的自下而上的过程,将抵消自上而下的转换成环和链的大的多环芳烃,并提供了一个水库的大的多环芳烃,可以转换成C $_{60}$和其他富勒烯和大的碳笼。
Laboratory photo-chemistry of covalently bonded fluorene clusters: observation of an interesting PAH bowl-forming mechanism
富勒烯C $_{60}$是星际介质(ISM)中发现的最大的分子之一,已经提出通过大的(超过60个C原子)多环芳烃(PAH)分子的光化学处理自上而下形成。在这篇文章中,我们专注于相反的过程,调查富勒烯形成的可能性,从小的多环芳烃,其中碗形成起着核心作用。我们结合实验室实验和量子化学计算来研究带电芴团簇形成较大的多环芳烃。实验表明,在可见激光照射下,芴二聚体阳离子- [C $_{13}$ H $_{9}$ $-$ C $_{13}$ H $_{9}$ ] $^+$ -和芴三聚体阳离子- [C $_{13}$ H $_{8}$ $-$ C $_{13}$ H $_{9}$ ] $^+$ -发生光脱氢和光异构化,产生碗状结构的芳香簇离子,C $_{26}$ H $_{12}$ $^+$和C $_{39}$ H $_{20}$ $^+$。为了研究这个化学过程的细节,我们采用量子化学,使我们能够确定新形成的簇离子的结构,计算氢损失解离能,并推导出潜在的反应途径。这些结果表明,较小的多环芳烃簇(小于60个碳原子)可以转化为较大的碗状几何结构,可能作为富勒烯的构建块,因为碗形成机制大大促进了从脱氢多环芳烃到笼的转化。此外,碗状的形成诱导了一个永久的偶极矩,原则上允许使用射电天文学来寻找这样的物种。
Photo-stability of super-hydrogenated PAHs determined by action spectroscopy experiments
本文用气相作用光谱法研究了纯芘阳离子和超氢化芘阳离子C($_{16}$ H $_{10+m}^+, m = 0,6, \mathrm{\ or\ } 16$)的光稳定性。光吸收光谱和光诱导解离质谱。通过测量作为激光脉冲强度的函数的质量选择的光碎片离子的产率,确定了碳骨架的碎片化所需的光子数(以及因此的能量)。原始芘离子(C $_{16}$ H $_{10}^+$)的主链断裂需要吸收能量刚好低于3 eV的三个光子,而超氢化六氢芘(C $_{16}$ H $_{16}^+$)必须吸收两个这样的光子,而完全氢化十六氢芘(C $_{16}$ H $_{26}^+$)仅吸收单个光子。这些结果与先前报道的这些离子的解离能是一致的。我们的实验清楚地表明,当芘被氢化时,来自额外的氢原子的增加的热容量不能补偿碳主链的弱化。在光解离区,超氢化多环芳烃(PAHs)已被提出作为H $_2$ -形成的催化剂。我们的研究结果表明,碳骨架断裂可能是一个严重的竞争对手H $_2$ -形成至少对小的氢化多环芳烃,如芘。
Breakdown products of gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons investigated with infrared ion spectroscopy
本文报道了三种不同的三环多环芳烃(PAH),芴(C $_{13}$ H $_{10}$),9,10-二氢菲(C $_{14}$ H $_{12}$)和9,10-二氢蒽(C $_{14}$ H $_{12}$)在电子电离诱导裂解过程中形成的一种常见碎片离子。在傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱仪中获得了与$m/z=165$质量隔离的产物离子的红外光谱,该质谱仪的单元被放置在红外自由电子激光的光学腔内,从而提供有效的红外多光子解离所需的高光子注量。发现由三种不同前体产生的$m/z=165$物质的红外光谱相似,表明形成了单一的C-$_{13}$ H $_{9}^+$异构体。使用密度泛函理论(DFT)的理论计算揭示了该片段的身份作为闭壳芴基阳离子。从每个母体前体的芴离子的分解途径提出的DFT计算的基础上。从三种不同的多环芳烃的单一裂解产物的识别支持的概念,存在的共同分解途径的多环芳烃一般,可以帮助理解天文多环芳烃物种的裂解化学。