复杂流体中的活性胶体
Active colloids in complex fluids
摘要：
我们回顾了最近的工作，积极的胶体或游泳者，如自我推进的微生物，泳动胶体颗粒，和人工微机器人系统，在流体般的环境中移动。这些环境可以是水状的和牛顿的，但通常可以包含大分子、柔性聚合物、软细胞或硬颗粒，其赋予流体复杂的非线性流变特征。虽然在了解活性胶体如何在牛顿流体中移动和相互作用方面取得了重大进展，但对活性胶体在复杂和非牛顿流体中的行为知之甚少。一个新兴的文献开始显示如何流体流变学可以显着改变个人游泳者的步态和速度。同时，运动的游泳者诱导时间依赖性的三维流体流动，其可以改变介质（流体）流变性质。这种双向的，非线性耦合在微观尺度上有着深远的影响，在中观和宏观尺度：稳态悬浮特性，紧急集体行为，和被动示踪粒子的运输。最近令人兴奋的理论结果和当前关于量化这些复杂的活性流体的争论突出了概念上简单的实验来指导我们理解的必要性。
英文摘要：
We review recent work on active colloids or swimmers, such as self-propelled microorganisms, phoretic colloidal particles, and artificial micro-robotic systems, moving in fluid-like environments. These environments can be water-like and Newtonian but can frequently contain macromolecules, flexible polymers, soft cells, or hard particles, which impart complex, nonlinear rheological features to the fluid. While significant progress has been made on understanding how active colloids move and interact in Newtonian fluids, little is known on how active colloids behave in complex and non-Newtonian fluids. An emerging literature is starting to show how fluid rheology can dramatically change the gaits and speeds of individual swimmers. Simultaneously, a moving swimmer induces time dependent, three dimensional fluid flows, that can modify the medium (fluid) rheological properties. This two-way, non-linear coupling at microscopic scales has profound implications at meso- and macro-scales: steady state suspension properties, emergent collective behavior, and transport of passive tracer particles. Recent exciting theoretical results and current debate on quantifying these complex active fluids highlight the need for conceptually simple experiments to guide our understanding.
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