一级相变附近的液滴形成：偏离共存曲线的非均匀性和相分离的机理
Droplet formation near first-order phase transitions: A mechanism for heterogeneity and phase separation away from the coexistence curve
摘要：
相分离，即，在远离一级转变的共存曲线的许多系统中观察到两种不同相的共存，导致稳定的非均相或区域。例子包括各种量子铁磁体、重费米子系统、稀土镍酸盐等。这些观察似乎违反了平衡热力学的基本概念，即相分离只能发生在共存曲线上。我们从理论上表明，淬火无序允许相分离远离共存曲线，即使在平衡，由于存在稳定的少数相液滴内的多数相。我们的方案也回答了一个相关的问题：如何能一阶过渡淬火无序的存在下保持尖锐，而不违反严格的下限$ν\geq 2/d$的相关长度指数？我们讨论了这种情况下的背景下，各种各样的系统的实验结果。
英文摘要：
Phase separation, i.e., the coexistence of two different phases, is observed in many systems away from the coexistence curve of a first-order transition, leading to a stable heterogeneous phase or region. Examples include various quantum ferromagnets, heavy-fermion systems, rare-earth nickelates, and others. These observations seem to violate basic notions of equilibrium thermodynamics, which state that phase separation can occur only on the coexistence curve. We show theoretically that quenched disorder allows for phase separation away from the coexistence curve even in equilibrium due to the existence of stable minority-phase droplets within the majority phase. Our scenario also answers a related question: How can a first-order transition remain sharp in the presence of quenched disorder without violating the rigorous lower bound $ν\geq 2/d$ for the correlation-length exponent? We discuss this scenario in the context of experimental results for a large variety of systems.
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