狩猎采集者居住迁移的生态和进化能量学
The ecological and evolutionary energetics of hunter-gatherer residential mobility
摘要：
居住地的流动性与狩猎采集者生活方式的各个方面都有着密切的联系，因此是狩猎采集者研究中的一个核心问题。狩猎采集者的居住年迁移率差异很大，人类学家和考古学家长期以来一直对这种差异的来源感兴趣。由于流动性在很大程度上是由对持续食物供应的需求驱动的，因此生态学的代谢理论为解决这一问题提供了一个自然的框架。这提供了一个强有力的框架，制定正式的可检验的假设进化和生态的限制狩猎采集居住的流动性的规模和变化。我们评估这些预测使用现存的数据，并显示出强有力的支持的假设。我们发现，狩猎采集者住宅流动性的整体规模是由平均人体尺寸和移动狩猎采集者内部储存能量的有限能力预测的。然后，我们表明，在不同文化中观察到的住宅流动性的大部分变化是由当地生态系统中的能源可用性预测。我们的研究结果表明，大规模的进化和生态过程，共同的所有植物和动物，限制狩猎采集者在可预测的方式，因为他们通过领土移动，以有效地利用资源在一年的过程中。此外，我们的研究结果扩展了生态学代谢理论的范围，展示了它如何成功地预测一个物种内种群的行为生态学变化。
英文摘要：
Residential mobility is deeply entangled with all aspects of hunter-gatherer life ways, and is therefore an issue of central importance in hunter-gatherer studies. Hunter-gatherers vary widely in annual rates of residential mobility, and understanding the sources of this variation has long been of interest to anthropologists and archaeologists. Since mobility is, to a large extent, driven by the need for a continuous supply of food, a natural framework for addressing this question is provided by the metabolic theory of ecology. This provides a powerful framework for formulating formal testable hypotheses concerning evolutionary and ecological constraints on the scale and variation of hunter-gatherer residential mobility. We evaluate these predictions using extant data and show strong support for the hypotheses. We show that the overall scale of hunter-gatherer residential mobility is predicted by average human body size, and the limited capacity of mobile hunter-gatherers to store energy internally. We then show that the majority of variation in residential mobility observed across cultures is predicted by energy availability in local ecosystems. Our results demonstrate that large-scale evolutionary and ecological processes, common to all plants and animals, constrain hunter-gatherers in predictable ways as they move through territories to effectively exploit resources over the course of a year. Moreover, our results extend the scope of the metabolic theory of ecology by showing how it successfully predicts variation in the behavioral ecology of populations within a species.
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