温暖的人比炎热的人更不孤独：亲密的邻居
Warm Jupiters are less lonely than hot Jupiters: close neighbours
摘要：
利用开普勒过境数据，我们发现了一个显着的区别，在亚木星的同伴之间的流行系统，包含热彗星（周期向内10天）和那些主机温暖的彗星（周期之间10和200天）。除了WASP-47 b外，热彗星没有任何可探测到的内行星或外行星伴星（周期向内50天，大小小至$2 R_{\rm Earth}$）。把自己限制在内心的同伴中，我们的极限就达到了$1 R_{\rm Earth}$。与此形成鲜明对比的是，一半的温暖的小伙伴们紧紧地围绕在身边。从统计学上讲，热和暖伴星的伴星分数是相互排斥的，特别是在内部伴星方面。温暖彗星的高伴星分数也为它们的形成提供了线索。有近邻兄弟姐妹的温暖彗星应该有较低的轨道偏心率和较低的相互倾角。这些系统的轨道结构让人想起开普勒任务大量发现的低质量、近距离行星系。这一点和其他论点使我们提出，这些温暖的对流层是在原地形成的。有迹象表明，可能存在第二个具有不同特征的暖温带种群。在这张照片中，WASP-47 b可以被视为原位暖木星向热木星区域延伸的尾部，并不代表热木星的一般形成路线。
英文摘要：
Exploiting the Kepler transit data, we uncover a dramatic distinction in the prevalence of sub-Jovian companions, between systems that contain hot Jupiters (periods inward of 10 days) and those that host warm Jupiters (periods between 10 and 200 days). Hot Jupiters, with the singular exception of WASP-47b, do not have any detectable inner or outer planetary companions (with periods inward of 50 days and sizes down to $2 R_{\rm Earth}$). Restricting ourselves to inner companions, our limits reach down to $1 R_{\rm Earth}$. In stark contrast, half of the warm Jupiters are closely flanked by small companions. Statistically, the companion fractions for hot and warm Jupiters are mutually exclusive, particularly in regard to inner companions. The high companion fraction of warm Jupiters also yields clues to their formation. The warm Jupiters that have close-by siblings should have low orbital eccentricities and low mutual inclinations. The orbital configurations of these systems are reminiscent of those of the low-mass, close-in planetary systems abundantly discovered by the Kepler mission. This, and other arguments, lead us to propose that these warm Jupiters are formed in-situ. There are indications that there may be a second population of warm Jupiters with different characteristics. In this picture, WASP-47b could be regarded as the extending tail of the in-situ warm Jupiters into the hot Jupiter region, and does not represent the generic formation route for hot Jupiters.
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