珀洛东超有机体与原合作行为
The peloton superorganism and protocooperative behavior
摘要：
提出了一个理论框架，在pelotons（团体的骑自行车者）的protocotive行为。在pelotons的合作和搭便车行为之间的阈值建模，一起构成protocooperative行为（不同于protocooperation）。原合作行为是一个功能：1。两个或两个以上的骑自行车者通过牵引益处耦合，2.骑自行车者的当前功率输出或速度，以及3.最大可持续产出（MSO）原型合作行为的特征包括：1。相对低速阶段，其中骑自行车的人自然地通过彼此并且共享最高成本的前部位置，以及2.骑自行车的人保持前面的人的速度，但不能超过的免费骑行阶段。原型合作行为的阈值相当于系数起草d，低于该合作行为发生;当耦合骑自行车者发散时，在第二阈值以上发生搭便车。这些行为也被假设出现在其他涉及节能机制的生物系统中。此外，组内合作和组间竞争之间的紧张关系与超有机体的性质是一致的。
英文摘要：
A theoretical framework for protocooperative behavior in pelotons (groups of cyclists) is proposed. A threshold between cooperative and free-riding behaviors in pelotons is modeled, together comprising protocooperative behavior (different from protocooperation). Protocooperative behavior is a function of: 1. two or more cyclists coupled by drafting benefit, 2. cyclists' current power output or speed, and 3. cyclists' maximal sustainable outputs (MSO). Characteristics of protocooperative behavior include: 1. relatively low speed phase in which cyclists naturally pass each other and share highest-cost front positions, and 2. free-riding phase in which cyclists maintain speeds of those ahead, but cannot pass. Threshold for protocooperative behavior is equivalent to coefficient of drafting d, below which cooperative behavior occurs; above which free-riding occurs up to a second threshold when coupled cyclists diverge. These behaviors are also hypothesized to emerge in other biological systems involving energy savings mechanisms. Further, the tension between intra-group cooperation and inter-group competition is consistent with superorganism properties.
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