We reconstruct the projected mass distribution of a massive merging Hubble Frontier Fields cluster MACSJ0416 using the genetic algorithm based free-form technique called Grale. The reconstructions are constrained by 149 lensed images identified by Jauzac et al. using HFF data. No information about cluster galaxies or light is used, which makes our reconstruction unique in this regard. Using visual inspection of the maps, as well as galaxy-mass correlation functions we conclude that overall light does follow mass. Furthermore, the fact that brighter galaxies are more strongly clustered with mass is an important confirmation of the standard biasing scenario in galaxy clusters. On the smallest scales, approximately less than a few arcseconds, the resolution afforded by 149 images is still not sufficient to confirm or rule out galaxy-mass offsets of the kind observed in ACO 3827. We also compare the mass maps of MACSJ0416 obtained by three different groups: Grale, and two parametric Lenstool reconstructions from the CATS and Sharon/Johnson teams. Overall, the three agree well; one interesting discrepancy between Grale and Lenstool galaxy-mass correlation functions occurs on scales of tens of kpc and may suggest that cluster galaxies are more biased tracers of mass than parametric methods generally assume.
Galaxy clusters can act as gravitational lenses to magnify the universe behind them, allowing us to see deep into the early universe. The Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields program (Lotz et al. 2017) uses six galaxy clusters imaged by Hubble to discover and study galaxies at z ~ 5-10. Seven independent teams developed lens models and derived magnifications for each galaxy cluster, based on positional and redshift constraints from the best available data at the time. In this work we evaluate ten models for MACSJ0416.1-2403, which were made public in 2015, by contrasting them with new spectr…
MACS J0717 is the most massive and extended of the Hubble Frontier Field clusters. It is one of the more difficult clusters to model, and we argue that this is in part due to the line of sight structure (LoS) at redshifts beyond 2. We show that the Grale mass reconstruction based on sources at 3<z_s<4.1 has at least 10^{13}M_sun more mass than that based on nearby sources, z_s<2.6, and attribute the excess mass to a putative LoS, which is at least 75" from the cluster center. Furthermore, the lens-model fitted z_s's of the recent Kawamata et al. reconstruction are biased systematically low com…
We present a gravitational lensing model of MACS J1149.5+2223 using ultra-deep Hubble Frontier Fields imaging data and spectroscopic redshifts from HST grism and VLT/MUSE spectroscopic data. We create total mass maps using 38 multiple images (13 sources) and 608 weak lensing galaxies, as well as 100 multiple images of 31 star-forming regions in the galaxy that hosts Supernova Refsdal. We find good agreement with a range of recent models within the HST field of view. We present a map of the ratio of projected stellar mass to total mass ($f_{\star}$), and find that the stellar mass fraction for …
Characterizing faint galaxies in the reionization epoch: LBT confirms two L<0.2L* sources at z=6.4 behind the CLASH/Frontier Fields cluster MACS0717.5+3745
We study possible systematic effects on the values of the cosmological parameters measured through strong lensing analyses of the HFF galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223. We use the observed positions of a large set of spectroscopically selected multiple images, including those of supernova "Refsdal" with their estimated time delays. Starting from our reference model in a flat $Λ$CDM cosmology, published in Grillo et al. (2018), we confirm the relevance of the longest measurable time delay, between SX and S1, and an approximately linear relation between its value and that of $H_{0}$. We perform t…
The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS). VI. Comparing the Mass and Light in MACSJ0416.1-2403 using Frontier Field imaging and GLASS spectroscopy
The discovery of lensed radio and X-ray sources behind the Frontier Fields cluster MACS J0717.5+3745 with the JVLA and Chandra
我们报告的高分辨率JVLA和钱德拉观测的HST前沿星系团MACS J0717.5+3745。MACS J0717.5+3745提供了任何已知星团中最大的连续放大区域，使其成为寻找透镜射电和X射线源的有希望的目标。利用高分辨率1.0-6.5 GHz JVLA成像，在A和B配置下，我们在HST成像覆盖的区域内探测到总共51个紧凑的射电源。在这个样本中，我们发现7个放大因子大于$2$的透镜源。这些来源都没有被确定为多重透镜。根据射电光度，这些来源中的大多数可能是恒星形成的星系，恒星形成率为10-50 M $_\odot$ yr $^{-1}$，位于$1 \lesssim z \lesssim 2$。两个透镜射电源也在星团的钱德拉图像中被检测到。这两个源很可能是活动星系核，因为它们的$2-10$ keV X射线光度是$\sim 10^{43-44}$ erg s $^{-1}$。从推导出的射电光度函数，我们发现的证据，在$0.6<z<2.0$的射电源的数量密度增加，相比，一个$z < 0.3$样本。我们的观测结果表明，透镜星系团的深射电成像可以用来研究恒星形成星系，恒星形成率低至$\sim10$ M $_{\odot}$ yr $^{-1}$，在宇宙恒星形成历史的高峰期。
We present an analysis of the intracluster light in the Frontier Field Cluster MACS J1149.5+2223 (z=0.544), which combines new and archival Hubble WFC3/IR imaging to provide continuous radial coverage out to 2.8 Mpc from the brightest cluster galaxy. Employing careful treatment of potential systematic biases and using data at the largest radii to determine the background sky level, we reconstruct the surface brightness profile out to a radius of 2 Mpc. This radius is the largest to which the intracluster light (ICL) has been measured for an individual cluster. Within this radius, we measure a …
Strong gravitational lensing by galaxy clusters has become a powerful tool for probing the high-redshift Universe, magnifying distant and faint background galaxies. Reliable strong lensing (SL) models are crucial for determining the intrinsic properties of distant, magnified sources and for constructing their luminosity function. We present here the first SL analysis of MACS J0308.9+2645 and PLCK G171.9-40.7, two massive galaxy clusters imaged with the Hubble Space Telescope in the framework of the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey (RELICS). We use the Light-Traces-Mass modeling technique to…
Joint HST, VLT/MUSE and XMM-Newton observations to constrain the mass distribution of the two strong lensing galaxy clusters: MACS J0242.5-2132 & MACS J0949.8+1708
Lens Models Under the Microscope: Comparison of Hubble Frontier Field Cluster Magnification Maps
利用大质量星系团的引力透镜放大能力，哈勃前沿场提供了高红移宇宙的六个补丁的深度视图。深度哈勃成像和特殊的透镜强度相结合，揭示了最大数量的多重成像星系，可用于约束星系团质量分布模型。然而，即使每个聚类具有$\mathcal{O}(100)$图像，与重建相关联的不确定性也是不可忽略的。本文的目的是展示模型放大预测的多样性。我们分别研究了Abell 2744和MACS J0416的7和9个质量模型，这些模型于2015年9月提交给Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes供公众分发。模型预测值之间的离散度从常见低放大倍数（$μ\sim2$）下的30%增加到罕见高放大倍数（$μ\sim40$）下的70%。MACS J0416对$2<μ<10$的分散性小于Abell 2744。我们表明，放大率地图的基础上，不同的镜头反转技术通常彼此不同，超过他们引用的统计误差。这表明，一些模型低估了真正的不确定性，这主要是由于各种透镜简并。虽然精确的质量片简并被打破，但它的广义对应物至少在Abell 2744中没有被打破。其他的，本地简并也存在于这两个集群。我们的模型比较是互补的重建已知的合成质量分布的比较。通过关注观察到的星系团，我们可以识别出那些受到最好约束的星系团，从而提供遥远宇宙的最清晰视图。
We present free-form gravitational lensing models derived with the WSLAP+ code for the six $\textit{Hubble Frontier Fields}$ clusters using the latest data available from the $\textit{Frontier Fields Lensing Models v.4}$ collaboration. We present magnifications maps in the lens plane and caustic maps in the source plane. From these maps, we derive the probability of magnification using two different, but related, methods. We confirm MACS 0717 as the cluster with the most complex structure, and having the largest lensing efficiency and Einstein radius. When comparing these results with the ones…
The Hubble Frontier Fields data, along with multiple data sets obtained by other telescopes, have provided some of the most extensive constraints on cluster lenses to date. Multiple lens modeling teams analyzed the fields and made public a number of deliverables. By comparing these results, we can then undertake a unique and vital test of the state of cluster lens modeling. Specifically, we see how well the different teams can reproduce similar magnifications and mass profiles. We find that the circularly averaged mass profiles of the fields are remarkably constrained (scatter <5%) at distance…
In the context of the BUFFALO (Beyond Ultra-deep Frontier Fields And Legacy Observations) survey, we present a new analysis of the merging galaxy cluster MACS\,J0416.1-2403 ($z = 0.397$) and its parallel field using the data collected by the Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) campaign. In this work, we measure the surface mass density from a weak-lensing analysis, and characterise the overall matter distribution in both the cluster and parallel fields. The surface mass distribution derived for the parallel field shows clumpy overdensities connected by filament-like structures elongated in the direct…
We present a strong-lensing analysis of four massive galaxy clusters imaged with the Hubble Space Telescope in the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey. We use a Light-Traces-Mass technique to uncover sets of multiply images and constrain the mass distribution of the clusters. These mass models are the first published for Abell S295 and MACS J0159.8-0849, and are improvements over previous models for Abell 697 and MACS J0025.4-1222. Our analysis for MACS J0025.4-1222 and Abell S295 shows a bimodal mass distribution supporting the merger scenarios proposed for these clusters. The updated model f…
CLASH-VLT: Dissecting the Frontier Fields Galaxy Cluster MACS J0416.1-2403 with $\sim800$ Spectra of Member Galaxies
本文报道前线场团簇MACS~J0416.1-2403（z=0.397）的VIMOS-VLT光谱。作为CLASH-VLT巡天的一部分，大型光谱活动提供了超过4000个可靠的红移，包括约800个星系团成员星系。在这个红移的星系团成员的前所未有的样本，使我们能够执行一个非常详细的动力学和结构分析的集群到~2.2 $r_{200}$（~ 4 Mpc）。我们对子结构的分析揭示了一个由主要大质量星系团组成的复杂系统（$M_{200}$ ~0.9 $\times 10^{15} M_{\odot}$），具有两个主要特征：i）双峰速度分布，显示两个中心峰，间隔为$ΔV_{rf}$ ~1100 km s $^{-1}$，具有可比的星系内容和速度分散，ii）主要子结构沿NE-SW方向的投影伸长，在中心西南约600 kpc处有一个突出的亚丛，在中心和西南丛之间大约有一个孤立的BCG。我们还探测到一个低质量结构，位于星团中心z~0.390，~10' S，投影在~ 3 Mpc，相对视线速度为$ΔV_{rf}$ ~-1700 km s $^{-1}$。我们通过动力学分析得到的团簇质量分布明显偏离“通用”NFW，最适合软化等温球模型。从星系动力学测量的质量分布被发现是在相对较好的协议与那些从强和弱透镜，以及与从X射线，尽管明显的不放松的性质的集群。我们的研究结果揭示了这个大规模集群的整体复杂的动力学状态，并支持…
Our light-traces-mass (LTM) strong-lensing model for MACS J1149.5+2223 has played several key roles over the last decade: it aided the identification of multiple images in this cluster and the study of MACS1149-JD1 at redshift $z\simeq9$, it was used to estimate the properties of the first multiply imaged supernova, Refsdal, in its discovery paper, and of the first caustic crossing event by a cluster, Lensed Star 1. Supernova Refsdal supplied an invaluable opportunity to conduct a blind test of the ability of common lens-modeling techniques to accurately describe the properties of SN Refsdal's…
Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: Detection of dust emission in multiple images of a normal galaxy at $z>4$ lensed by a Frontier Fields cluster
Measuring time delays from strongly lensed supernovae (SNe) is emerging as a novel and independent tool for estimating the Hubble constant $(H_0)$. This is very important given the recent discord in the value of $H_0$ from two methods that probe different distance ranges. The success of this technique will rely of our ability to discover strongly lensed SNe with measurable time delays. Here, we present the magnifications and the time delays for the multiply-imaged galaxies behind the Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) galaxy clusters, by using recently published lensing models. Continuing on our pre…
We present a parametric, grid-based lens model for the galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223, concentrating on the properties of the first multiply imaged supernova Refsdal. This model complements our updated light-traces-mass (LTM) strong-lensing model for this cluster, described in a companion paper, and is generated using the same pipeline but with a different parametrization. Together these two models probe different possible solutions in a relatively self-consistent manner and can be used to examine systematic uncertainties and relevant differences between the two parameterizations. We obtain …
The lensing efficiencies of MACS X-ray selected versus RCS optically selected galaxy clusters
星系团样本中强透镜弧的统计数据提供了有关星系团结构的信息，这些信息与单个星系团的信息是互补的。然而，迄今为止已经分析过的星团样本要么很小，要么不均匀，要么观察到的角分辨率有限。我们测量的透镜弧统计97集群成像高角分辨率与哈勃太空望远镜，识别透镜弧使用两个自动弧检测算法。该样品包括类似数量的X射线选择（MACS）和光学选择（RCS）集群，并跨越集群红移范围为0.2 < z < 1。我们在所选的X射线子样本中编制了42个弧和在光学子样本中编制了7个弧的星表。除五条弧线外，所有这些弧线都是首次报道。在0.3 < z < 0.7时，X射线选择的簇具有显著更高的弧的平均频率，每个簇1.2+/-0.2，而光学样品中为0.2+/-0.1。尽管X射线团簇和光学团簇具有相似的光学光度，但显著不同的透镜效应表明，X射线团簇追踪的质量浓度要大得多。质量差也由X射线团的较低空间密度和光学样品中少数弧的小爱因斯坦半径支持。更高层次的影响，如浓度或子结构的差异，也可能有所贡献。
Ultra-faint galaxies are hosted by small dark matter halos with shallow gravitational potential wells, hence their star formation activity is more sensitive to feedback effects. The shape of the faint-end of the high-$z$ galaxy luminosity function (LF) contains important information on star formation and its interaction with the reionization process during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). High-$z$ galaxies with $M_{\rm UV}\gtrsim-17$ have only recently become accessible thanks to the Frontier Fields (FFs) survey combining deep {\it HST} imaging and the gravitational lensing effect. In this pap…
We present strong-lensing analyses of three galaxy clusters, RXJ2129.4+0009 (z=0.235), MS0451.6-0305 (z=0.55), and MACSJ2129.4-0741 (z=0.589), using the powerful combination of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) multi-band observations, and Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) spectroscopy. In RXJ2129, we newly spectroscopically confirm 15 cluster members. Our resulting mass model uses 8 multiple image systems as we include a galaxy-galaxy lensing system North-East of the cluster, and is composed of 71 halos including one dark matter cluster-scale halo and 2 galaxy-scale halos optimized individu…
