论对数 Benford 序列
On Logarithmically Benford Sequences
AI总结:
本文研究受多项式界控制且归一化系数关于对称测度等分布的序列,刻画其在算术密度下不服从而在对数密度下可服从 Benford 定律的条件,并应用于偶权 newform 的 Frobenius 迹。
摘要:
设 $\mathcal{I} \subset \mathbb{N}$ 是一个无限子集,并设 $\{a_i\}_{i \in \mathcal{I}}$ 是由 $\mathcal{I}$ 索引的非零实数序列,且存在正常数 $m, C_1$,使得对所有 $i \in \mathcal{I}$ 都有 $|a_i| \leq C_1 \cdot i^m$。此外,对每个 $i \in \mathcal{I}$,定义 $c_i \in [-1,1]$ 为 $c_i = \frac{a_i}{C_1 \cdot i^m}$,并假设这些 $c_i$ 关于 $[-1,1]$ 上的连续对称概率测度 $μ$ 等分布。本文证明,如果 $\mathcal{I} \subset \mathbb{N}$ 不太过稀疏,那么序列 $\{a_i\}_{i \in \mathcal{I}}$ 在任何充分大的基数下都不遵从关于算术密度的 Benford 定律;事实上,当 $μ([0,t])$ 作为 $t \in (0,1)$ 的函数为严格凸函数时,它在任何基数下都不遵从。尽管如此,我们还给出了关于 $\mathcal{I} \subset \mathbb{N}$ 密度的条件,在这些条件下,序列 $\{a_i\}_{i \in \mathcal{I}}$ 在每个基数下都满足关于对数密度的 Benford 定律。作为应用,我们将一般结果用于研究正偶数权 newform 的 Frobenius 迹之首位数中的 Benford 定律型行为。我们的证明方法建立在 Jameson、Thorner 和 Ye 的工作之上,他们研究了不带复乘法的 newform 这一特殊情形。
英文摘要:
Let $\mathcal{I} \subset \mathbb{N}$ be an infinite subset, and let $\{a_i\}_{i \in \mathcal{I}}$ be a sequence of nonzero real numbers indexed by $\mathcal{I}$ such that there exist positive constants $m, C_1$ for which $|a_i| \leq C_1 \cdot i^m$ for all $i \in \mathcal{I}$. Furthermore, let $c_i \in [-1,1]$ be defined by $c_i = \frac{a_i}{C_1 \cdot i^m}$ for each $i \in \mathcal{I}$, and suppose the $c_i$'s are equidistributed in $[-1,1]$ with respect to a continuous, symmetric probability measure $μ$. In this paper, we show that if $\mathcal{I} \subset \mathbb{N}$ is not too sparse, then the sequence $\{a_i\}_{i \in \mathcal{I}}$ fails to obey Benford's Law with respect to arithmetic density in any sufficiently large base, and in fact in any base when $μ([0,t])$ is a strictly convex function of $t \in (0,1)$. Nonetheless, we also provide conditions on the density of $\mathcal{I} \subset \mathbb{N}$ under which the sequence $\{a_i\}_{i \in \mathcal{I}}$ satisfies Benford's Law with respect to logarithmic density in every base. As an application, we apply our general result to study Benford's Law-type behavior in the leading digits of Frobenius traces of newforms of positive, even weight. Our methods of proof build on the work of Jameson, Thorner, and Ye, who studied the particular case of newforms without complex multiplication.
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