原子钟作为监测垂直表面运动的工具
Atomic clocks as a tool to monitor vertical surface motion
摘要：
原子钟技术正在迅速发展，目前已达到$Δf/f \sim 10^{-18}$的稳定性，这相当于在约7小时的积分时间尺度内以等效大地水准面高度解析$1$ cm。在这一性能水平上，地面原子钟网络通过直接测量重力势的变化，成为监测各种地球物理过程的工具。由于岩浆、火山、地震后或潮汐变形造成的时钟位置的垂直变化可能导致时钟滴答速率的可测量变化。作为一个例子，我们讨论了由于膨胀点源（Mogi模型）引起的位势变化，并将其应用于埃特纳火山。它对地球表面观察者的影响可以分为两个不同的方面：一个纯粹是由于隆起，另一个是由于物质的重新分布。因此，以目前厘米级的时钟精度，监测火山已经成为可能。物质再分配项估计比抬升项小2-3个数量级，当时钟将其稳定性提高到亚毫米级时，应该可以解决。此外，时钟可以在数千公里的距离上进行短期（例如每小时）比较。这些时钟网络将提高我们监测长波长周期性效应的能力，如固体潮。
英文摘要：
Atomic clock technology is advancing rapidly, now reaching stabilities of $Δf/f \sim 10^{-18}$, which corresponds to resolving $1$ cm in equivalent geoid height over an integration timescale of about 7 hours. At this level of performance, ground-based atomic clock networks emerge as a tool for monitoring a variety of geophysical processes by directly measuring changes in the gravitational potential. Vertical changes of the clock's position due to magmatic, volcanic, post-seismic or tidal deformations can result in measurable variations in the clock tick rate. As an example, we discuss the geopotential change arising due to an inflating point source (Mogi model), and apply it to the Etna volcano. Its effect on an observer on the Earth's surface can be divided into two different terms: one purely due to uplift and one due to the redistribution of matter. Thus, with the centimetre-level precision of current clocks it is already possible to monitor volcanoes. The matter redistribution term is estimated to be 2-3 orders of magnitude smaller than the uplift term, and should be resolvable when clocks improve their stability to the sub-millimetre level. Additionally, clocks can be compared over distances of thousands of kilometres on a short-term basis (e.g. hourly). These clock networks will improve our ability to monitor periodic effects with long-wavelength like the solid Earth tide.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
