开放式智能：智能主体的个性化
Open Ended Intelligence: The individuation of Intelligent Agents
摘要：
通用人工智能（Artificial General Intelligence）是一个研究领域，旨在提取独立于特定问题域或预定义上下文的智能原理，并利用这些原理来合成能够执行人类能够执行的任何智力任务的系统，并最终超越人类。虽然专注于解决特定问题的“狭义”人工智能，如语音识别，文本理解，视觉模式识别，机器人运动等，最近已经显示出相当多的令人印象深刻的突破，理解一般智能仍然难以捉摸。在本文中，我们提供了一个新的理论方法来理解一般智力。我们首先简要介绍目前的概念方法。我们的批判暴露了一些严重的局限性，这些局限性可以追溯到智力概念的本体论根源。然后，我们提出了一个范式的转变，从智能感知为一个能力的个体代理定义的先验给定的问题域或目标，智能感知为一个形成过程的自组织智能代理个性化。我们称之为开放式智能。开放式智能是作为认知发展过程的抽象而发展起来的，因此它的应用可以扩展到一般的智能体和系统。我们介绍并讨论了这一思想的三个方面：个性化的哲学概念，意义的制作和一般认知主体的个性化。我们进一步展示了如何在一个分布式的，自组织的网络相互作用的元素，以及如何这样的过程是可扩展的开放式智能的框架。该框架强调了协调与智慧之间的重要关系以及对价值观的新理解。最后，我们提出了一些问题，供今后的研究。
英文摘要：
Artificial General Intelligence is a field of research aiming to distill the principles of intelligence that operate independently of a specific problem domain or a predefined context and utilize these principles in order to synthesize systems capable of performing any intellectual task a human being is capable of and eventually go beyond that. While "narrow" artificial intelligence which focuses on solving specific problems such as speech recognition, text comprehension, visual pattern recognition, robotic motion, etc. has shown quite a few impressive breakthroughs lately, understanding general intelligence remains elusive. In the paper we offer a novel theoretical approach to understanding general intelligence. We start with a brief introduction of the current conceptual approach. Our critique exposes a number of serious limitations that are traced back to the ontological roots of the concept of intelligence. We then propose a paradigm shift from intelligence perceived as a competence of individual agents defined in relation to an a priori given problem domain or a goal, to intelligence perceived as a formative process of self-organization by which intelligent agents are individuated. We call this process open-ended intelligence. Open-ended intelligence is developed as an abstraction of the process of cognitive development so its application can be extended to general agents and systems. We introduce and discuss three facets of the idea: the philosophical concept of individuation, sense-making and the individuation of general cognitive agents. We further show how open-ended intelligence can be framed in terms of a distributed, self-organizing network of interacting elements and how such process is scalable. The framework highlights an important relation between coordination and intelligence and a new understanding of values. We conclude with a number of questions for future research.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
