纳米热力学的大世界
The Big World of Nanothermodynamics
摘要：
纳米热力学扩展了标准热力学，以促进纳米尺度上的有限尺寸效应。一个关键的成分是希尔的细分潜力，容纳独立的小系统的非广泛的能量，类似于吉布斯的化学势如何容纳不同的粒子。纳米热力学是必不可少的表征的热平衡分布的独立放松区域内的散装样品，被发现的主要响应大多数材料使用各种实验技术。细分潜力确保严格遵守热力学热力学定律：总能量守恒，包括从局部配置的熵的瞬时贡献，和总熵保持最大化耦合到一个热浴。纳米热力学的一个独特特征是完全开放的纳米正则系综。另一个特征是每个区域内的粒子在统计上变得不可区分，这避免了非广延熵，并模仿了量子力学行为。应用平均场论，纳米热力学给出了一个不均匀分布的区域，产生拉伸指数松弛和超阿克里欧斯激活。应用于蒙特卡罗模拟，有一个非线性校正玻尔兹曼的因素，提高之间的协议伊辛模型和测量非经典临界标度的磁性材料。纳米热力学还为许多材料中发现的1/f噪声提供了基本机制。
英文摘要：
Nanothermodynamics extends standard thermodynamics to facilitate finite-size effects on the scale of nanometers. A key ingredient is Hill's subdivision potential that accommodates the non-extensive energy of independent small systems, similar to how Gibbs' chemical potential accommodates distinct particles. Nanothermodynamics is essential for characterizing the thermal equilibrium distribution of independently relaxing regions inside bulk samples, as is found for the primary response of most materials using various experimental techniques. The subdivision potential ensures strict adherence to the laws of thermodynamics: total energy is conserved by including an instantaneous contribution from the entropy of local configurations, and total entropy remains maximized by coupling to a thermal bath. A unique feature of nanothermodynamics is the completely-open nanocanonical ensemble. Another feature is that particles within each region become statistically indistinguishable, which avoids non-extensive entropy, and mimics quantum-mechanical behavior. Applied to mean-field theory, nanothermodynamics gives a heterogeneous distribution of regions that yields stretched-exponential relaxation and super-Arrhenius activation. Applied to Monte Carlo simulations, there is a nonlinear correction to Boltzmann's factor that improves agreement between the Ising model and measured non-classical critical scaling in magnetic materials. Nanothermodynamics also provides a fundamental mechanism for the 1/f noise found in many materials.
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