用μ子层析术监测大型结构的时间不透明度波动：使用水塔水箱的校准实验
Monitoring temporal opacity fluctuations of large structures with muon tomography : a calibration experiment using a water tower tank
摘要：
利用次级宇宙μ子对地质构造密度分布进行成像在过去十年中得到了显着发展。最近的应用表明，该方法对监测火山内部的岩浆上升和火山气体运动很有意义。μ子射线照相术可用于监测含水层和近地表临界区的密度变化。然而，μ子射线照相监测可达到的时间分辨率仍然研究不足。它受到目标外部波动源的影响，并受到实验期间检测到的粒子数量有限的统计影响。本研究记录这两个问题在一个简单的和良好的约束实验环境：水塔。我们使用的数据来讨论的影响，扰动信号的大气变率，并提出校正公式来提取μ子通量的变化与水位的变化。统计学的发展确立了μ子射线照相监测作为目标厚度（即不透明度）的函数的可行性域。厚度在$\simeq$ 50 $\pm$ 30米水当量之间的物体对应于最佳时间分辨率。较薄的物体有一个退化的时间分辨率，强烈依赖于天顶角，而较厚的物体（如火山）的时间分辨率则不会。
英文摘要：
Usage of secondary cosmic muons to image the geological structures density distribution significantly developed during the past ten years. Recent applications demonstrate the method interest to monitor magma ascent and volcanic gas movements inside volcanoes. Muon radiography could be used to monitor density variations in aquifers and the critical zone in the near surface. However, the time resolution achievable by muon radiography monitoring remains poorly studied. It is biased by fluctuation sources exterior to the target, and statistically affected by the limited number of particles detected during the experiment. The present study documents these two issues within a simple and well constrained experimental context: a water tower. We use the data to discuss the influence of atmospheric variability that perturbs the signal, and propose correction formulas to extract the muon flux variations related to the water level changes. Statistical developments establish the feasibility domain of muon radiography monitoring as a function of target thickness (i.e. opacity). Objects with a thickness comprised between $\simeq$ 50 $\pm$ 30m water equivalent correspond to the best time resolution. Thinner objects have a degraded time resolution that strongly depends on the zenith angle, whereas thicker objects (like volcanoes) time resolution does not.
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