Diversity in extinction laws of Type Ia supernovae measured between $0.2$ and $2\,μ\mathrm{m}$
R. Amanullah, J. Johansson, A. Goobar, R. Ferretti, S. Papadogiannakis, T. Petrushevska, P. J. Brown, Y. Cao, C. Contreras, H. Dahle, N. Elias-Rosa, J. P. U. Fy… 展开作者
R. Amanullah, J. Johansson, A. Goobar, R. Ferretti, S. Papadogiannakis, T. Petrushevska, P. J. Brown, Y. Cao, C. Contreras, H. Dahle, N. Elias-Rosa, J. P. U. Fynbo, J. Gorosabel, L. Guaita, L. Hangard, D. A. Howell, E. Y. Hsiao, E. Kankare, M. Kasliwal, G. Leloudas, P. Lundqvist, S. Mattila, P. Nugent, M. M. Phillips, A. Sandberg, V. Stanishev, M. Sullivan, F. Taddia, G. Östlin, S. Asadi, R. Herrero-Illana, J. J. Jensen, K. Karhunen, S. Lazarevi, E. Varenius, P. Santos, S. Seethapuram Sridhar, S. H. J. Wallström, J. Wiegert
备注：
31 pages, 28 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
We present ultraviolet (UV) observations of six nearby Type~Ia supernovae (SNe~Ia) obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope, three of which were also observed in the near-IR (NIR) with Wide-Field Camera~3. UV observations with the Swift satellite, as well as ground-based optical and near-infrared data provide complementary information. The combined data-set covers the wavelength range $0.2$--$2~μ$m. By also including archival data of SN 2014J, we analyse a sample spanning observed colour excesses up to $E(B-V)=1.4~$mag. We study the wavelength dependent extinction of each individual SN and find a diversity of reddening laws when characterised by the total-to-selective extinction $R_V$. In particular, we note that for the two SNe with $E(B-V)\gtrsim1~$mag, for which the colour excess is dominated by dust extinction, we find $R_V=1.4\pm0.1$ and $R_V=2.8\pm0.1$. Adding UV photometry reduces the uncertainty of fitted $R_V$ by $\sim50\,$% allowing us to also measure $R_V$ of individual low-extinction objects which point to a similar diversity, currently not accounted for in the analyses when SNe~Ia are used for studying the expansion history of the universe.
It has been reported that the extinction law for Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) may be different from the one in the Milky Way, but the intrinsic color of SNe Ia and the dust extinction are observationally mixed. In this study, we examine photometric properties of SNe Ia in the nearby universe ($z \lesssim 0.04$) to investigate the SN Ia intrinsic color and the dust extinction. We focus on the Branch spectroscopic classification of 34 SNe Ia and morphological types of host galaxies. We carefully study their distribution of peak colors on the $B-V$, $V-R$ color-color diagram, as well as the color …
Many astronomical objects are surrounded by dusty environments. In such dusty objects, multiple scattering processes of photons by circumstellar (CS) dust grains can effectively alter extinction properties. In this paper, we systematically investigate effects of multiple scattering on extinction laws for steady-emission sources surrounded by the dusty CS medium, using a radiation transfer simulation based on the Monte Carlo technique. In particular, we focus on whether and how the extinction properties are affected by properties of CS dust grains, adopting various dust grain models. We {\bf co…
We construct the Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) luminosity function (LF) using the Zwicky Transient Facility Bright Transient Survey (BTS) catalogue. While this magnitude-limited survey has an unprecedented number of objects, it suffers from large distance uncertainties and lacks an estimation of host extinction. We bypass these issues by calculating the intrinsic luminosities from the shape parameters of the light curve's $ g $ and $ r $ bands, with the luminosities calibrated from the well observed SNe Ia sample of the Carnegie Supernova Project, allowing us to construct, for the first time, th…
For Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) observed through a non-uniform interstellar medium (ISM) in its host galaxy, we investigate whether the non-uniformity can cause observable time variations in dust extinction and in gas absorption due to the expansion of the SN photosphere with time. We show that, owing to the steep spectral index of the ISM density power spectrum, sizable density fluctuation amplitudes at the length scale of typical ISM structures ($\gtrsim \text{ 10 pc}$) will translate to much smaller fluctuations on the scales of a SN photosphere. Therefore the typical amplitude of time vari…
In order to explain light curve (LC) for Supernova (SN) we derive a classical formula for the conversion of the flux of kinetic energy into radiation. We then introduce a correction for the absorption adopting an optical depth as function of the time. The developed framework allows to fit the LC of type Ia SN 2005cf ( B and V ) and type IIp SN 2004A (B,V,I and R ). A relativistic formula for the flux of kinetic energy is also derived in terms of a Taylor expansion and the application is done to the LC of GRB 050814. The decay of the radioactive isotopes as a driver the LC for SNs is also revie…
The colour evolution of reddened Type Ia supernovae can place strong constraints on the location of dust and help address the question of whether the observed extinction stems from the interstellar medium or from circumstellar material surrounding the progenitor. Here we analyse BV photometry of 48 reddened Type Ia supernovae from the literature and estimate the dust location from their $B-V$ colour evolution. We find a time-variable colour excess $E(B-V)$ for 15 supernovae in our sample and constrain dust to distances between 0.013 and 45 pc ($4\times10^{16}-10^{20}$ cm). For the remaining su…
Some highly reddened Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) display low total-to-selective extinction ratios ($R_V \lesssim 2$) in comparison to that of typical Milky Way dust ($R_V \approx 3.3$), and polarization curves that rise steeply to blue wavelengths, with peak polarization values at short wavelengths ($λ_{\rm max} < 0.4$ $μ$m) in comparison to the typical Galactic values ($λ_{\rm max} \approx 0.55$ $μ$m). Understanding the source of these properties could provide insight into the progenitor systems of SNe Ia. We aim to determine whether they are the result of the host galaxy's interstellar dust …
We have assembled a dataset of 165 low redshift, $z<$0.06, publicly available type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). We produce maximum light magnitude ($M_{B}$ and $M_{V}$) distributions of SNe Ia to explore the diversity of parameter space that they can fill. Before correction for host galaxy extinction we find that the mean $M_{B}$ and $M_{V}$ of SNe Ia are $-18.58\pm0.07$mag and $-18.72\pm0.05$mag respectively. Host galaxy extinction is corrected using a new method based on the SN spectrum. After correction, the mean values of $M_{B}$ and $M_{V}$ of SNe Ia are $-19.10\pm0.06$ and $-19.10\pm0.05$mag …
Modern transient surveys have begun discovering and following supernovae (SNe) shortly after first light---providing systematic measurements of the rise of Type II SNe. We explore how analytic models of early shock-cooling emission from core-collapse SNe can constrain the progenitor's radius, explosion velocity, and local host extinction. We simulate synthetic photometry in several realistic observing scenarios and, assuming the models describe the typical explosions well, find that ultraviolet observations can constrain the progenitor's radius to a statistical uncertainty of $\pm10-15\%$, wit…
We present a new technique to infer dust locations towards reddened Type Ia supernovae and to help discriminate between an interstellar and a circumstellar origin for the observed extinction. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we show that the time-evolution of the light-curve shape and especially of the colour excess \ebv~places strong constraints on the distance between dust and the supernova. We apply our approach to two highly-reddened Type Ia supernovae for which dust distance estimates are available in the literature: SN 2006X and SN 2014J. For the former, we obtain a time-variable $E(B-V)$ …
We determine the oxygen density in the central zone of nine type IIP supernovae (SN~IIP) at the nebular stage using oxygen doublet [O I] 6300, 6364 Å. Combined with two available estimates these data indicate that oxygen densities on day 300 are distributed in rather narrow range $(2.3\pm1)\times10^9$ cm$^{-3}$. The result does not depend on the distance, extinction, or model assumptions. We demonstrate that the found density distribution suggests that the explosion energy of SN~IIP increases with the stellar mass.
The optical and optical/near-infrared pseudo-bolometric light curves of 85 stripped-envelope supernovae (SNe) are constructed using a consistent method and a standard cosmology. The light curves are analysed to derive temporal characteristics and peak luminosity $L_{\mathrm{p}}$, enabling the construction of a luminosity function. Subsequently, the mass of $^{56}$Ni synthesised in the explosion, along with the ratio of ejecta mass to ejecta kinetic energy, are found. Analysis shows that host-galaxy extinction is an important factor in accurately determining luminosity values as it is significa…
The physical characteristics of dust formed in supernovae is poorly known. In this paper, we investigate the extinction properties of dust formed in the type IIn SN 2005ip. The observed light curves of SN 2005ip all exhibit a sudden drop around 50 days after discovery. This has been attributed to dust formation in the dense circumstellar medium. We modeled the intrinsic light curves in six optical bands, adopting a theoretical model for the luminosity evolution of supernovae interacting with their circumstellar material. From the difference between the observed and intrinsic light curves, we c…
We present a numerical parameter survey of sub-Chandrasekhar mass white dwarf (WD) explosions. Carbon-oxygen WDs accreting a helium shell have the potential to explode in the sub-Chandrasekhar mass regime. Previous studies have shown how the ignition of a helium shell can either directly ignite the WD at the core-shell interface or propagate a shock wave into the the core causing a central ignition. We examine the explosions of WDs from 0.6 - 1.2 M$_\odot$ with helium shells of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.08 M$_\odot$. Distinct observational signatures of sub-Chandrasekhar mass WD explosions are predicte…
We analyze a sample of 45 Type II supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) public survey using a grid of hydrodynamical models in order to assess whether theoretically-driven forecasts can intelligently guide follow up observations supporting all-sky survey alert streams. We estimate several progenitor properties and explosion physics parameters including zero-age-main-sequence (ZAMS) mass, mass-loss rate, kinetic energy, 56Ni mass synthesized, host extinction, and the time of explosion. Using complete light curves we obtain confident characterizations for 34 events in our sample, w…
Narrow absorption lines from intervening material in supernovae: III. Supernovae and their environments
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC)（加泰罗尼亚空间研究所）；Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC)（空间科学研究所）；European Southern Observatory（欧洲南方天文台）；Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa（里斯本大学科学学院天体物理与空间科学研究所）
We study the properties of low-velocity material in the line of sight towards nearby Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) that have measured late phase nebular velocity shifts (v_neb), thought to be an environment-independent observable. We have found that the distribution of equivalent widths of narrow blended Na I D1 & D2 and Ca II H & K absorption lines differs significantly between those SNe Ia with negative and positive v_neb, with generally stronger absorption for SNe Ia with v_neb > 0. A similar result had been found previously for the distribution of colors of SNe Ia, which was interpreted as a…
The circumstellar (CS) environment is key to understanding progenitors of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), as well as the origin of a peculiar extinction property toward SNe Ia for cosmological application. It has been suggested that multiple scatterings of SN photons by CS dust may explain the non-standard reddening law. In this paper, we examine the effect of re-emission of SN photons by CS dust in the infrared (IR) wavelength regime. This effect allows the observed IR light curves to be used as a constraint on the position/size and the amount of CS dust. The method was applied to observed near-…
The most precise local measurements of $H_0$ rely on observations of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) coupled with Cepheid distances to SN Ia host galaxies. Recent results have shown tension comparing $H_0$ to the value inferred from CMB observations assuming $Λ$CDM, making it important to check for potential systematic uncertainties in either approach. To date, precise local $H_0$ measurements have used SN Ia distances based on optical photometry, with corrections for light curve shape and colour. Here, we analyse SNe Ia as standard candles in the near-infrared (NIR), where intrinsic variations in…
Narrow absorption lines from intervening material in supernovae. IV. Type Ia supernovae: Na I D line strength relating to external material and intrinsic properties
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa（里斯本大学科学与空间研究所）；Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC)（加泰罗尼亚太空研究院）；Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC)（加那利天体物理学研究所）；CENTRA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa（里斯本大学高级技术学院中心天体物理与粒子物理研究中心）；European Southern Observatory（欧洲南方天文台）
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are powerful cosmological "standardizable candles" and the most precise distance indicators. However, a limiting factor in their use for precision cosmology rests on our ability to correct for the dust extinction toward them. SN 2014J in the starburst galaxy M82, the closest detected SN~Ia in three decades, provides unparalleled opportunities to study the dust extinction toward an SN Ia. In order to derive the extinction as a function of wavelength, we model the color excesses toward SN 2014J, which are observationally derived over a wide wavelength range in terms o…
We study a sample of 23 Type II Plateau supernovae (SNe II-P), all observed with the same set of instruments. Analysis of their photometric evolution confirms that their typical plateau duration is 100 days with little scatter, showing a tendency to get shorter for more energetic SNe. The rise time from explosion to plateau does not seem to correlate with luminosity. We analyze their spectra, measuring typical ejecta velocities, and confirm that they follow a well behaved power-law decline. We find indications of high-velocity material in the spectra of six of our SNe. We test different dust e…
This is the second paper of a series in which we present new measurements of the observed rates of supernovae (SNe) in the local Universe, determined from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS). In this paper, a complete SN sample is constructed, and the observed (uncorrected for host-galaxy extinction) luminosity functions (LFs) of SNe are derived. These LFs solve two issues that have plagued previous rate calculations for nearby SNe: the luminosity distribution of SNe and the host-galaxy extinction. We select a volume-limited sample of 175 SNe, collect photometry for every object, and …
Core-collapse supernovae 2022prr, 2023ucy, and 2024ljc in the luminous infrared galaxy NGC 6745
University of Turku（图尔库大学）；Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所）；European University Cyprus（塞浦路斯欧洲大学）；Queen’s University Belfast（贝尔法斯特女王大学）；INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova（意大利国家天体物理研究所帕多瓦天文台）；INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera（意大利国家天体物理研究所布雷拉天文台）；Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)（中国科学院云南天文台）
