The Milky Way bulge offers a unique opportunity to investigate in detail the role that different processes such as dynamical instabilities, hierarchical merging, and dissipational collapse may have played in the history of the Galaxy formation and evolution based on its resolved stellar population properties. Large observation programmes and surveys of the bulge are providing for the first time a look into the global view of the Milky Way bulge that can be compared with the bulges of other galaxies, and be used as a template for detailed comparison with models. The Milky Way has been shown to have a box/peanut (B/P) bulge and recent evidence seems to suggest the presence of an additional spheroidal component. In this review we summarise the global chemical abundances, kinematics and structural properties that allow us to disentangle these multiple components and provide constraints to understand their origin. The investigation of both detailed and global properties of the bulge now provide us with the opportunity to characterise the bulge as observed in models, and to place the mixed component bulge scenario in the general context of external galaxies. When writing this review, we considered the perspectives of researchers working with the Milky Way and researchers working with external galaxies. It is an attempt to approach both communities for a fruitful exchange of ideas.
We analyse the distribution of Mira variable stars in the central region of the Milky Way. We find that with increasing period, i.e. decreasing age, the Miras shift towards negative Galactic longitudes $\ell$. Comparing to a cosmological zoom simulation of a barred galaxy, we find that this shift with age can be explained by an age-morphology dependence of the boxy peanut/bulge. Owing to a combination of projection effects and the limitation of the range of Galactic longitudes, the near hump at $\ell>0$ is more truncated for younger populations, and the far hump at $\ell<0$ dominates the obser…
Bulgeless Evolution And the Rise of Discs (BEARD) II. The role of mergers in shaping the Milky Way analogues in TNG50
Donostia International Physics Centre (DIPC)(多诺西亚国际物理中心);Universidad de Córdoba(科尔多瓦大学);Universidad de La Laguna(拉帕尔马大学);Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias(加那利群岛天体物理学研究所)
利用2 MASS数据分析了银河系球核中RC星的分布。我们绘制了1平方度内红色团块的位置。在区域|l| <= 8.5度和$3.5deg<=|b|<=8.5deg, for a total of 170 sq.deg. The red clump seen single in the central area splits into two components at high Galactic longitudes in both hemispheres, produced by two structures at different distances along the same line of sight. The X-shape is clearly visible in the Z-X plane for longitudes close to $ 1 =0度轴内的尺寸字段。在明亮和暗淡的RC人口的RC星的空间密度的粗测量是一致的,通过RC距离,提供进一步的支持证据,X-结构是真实的,有近似的前后对称,在我们的凸起领域。我们的结论是,银河系核球在$ |l| <~ 2度范围内具有X形结构,几乎可以从视线的边缘看到。为了区分可能导致观察到的X形结构的不同可能性,需要与光谱数据相结合的延伸到最里面的凸起区域的额外的深NIR测光。
The double red clump (RC) observed in color-magnitude diagrams of the Milky Way bulge is at the heart of the current debate on the structure and formation origin of the bulge. This feature can be explained by the difference between the two RCs either in distance ("X-shaped scenario") or in chemical composition ("multiple-population scenario"). Here we report our high-resolution spectroscopy for the RC and red giant branch stars in a high-latitude field (b ~ -8.5$°$) of the bulge. We find a difference in [Fe/H] between the stars in the bright and faint RC regimes, in the sense that the bright s…
What the Milky Way bulge reveals about the initial metallicity gradients in the disc
我们研究的金属丰度的趋势在银河系(MW)隆起-使用APOGEE DR 13数据-并探讨其起源,通过比较两个N-体模型孤立星系开发一个酒吧和一个四四方方/花生(B/P)隆起。这两个模型已被提出的情况下,调和盘起源的MW凸起与负垂直金属丰度梯度。第一个模型是具有不同尺度高度、运动学和金属丰度的同空间(即重叠)盘种群的叠加。在这个模型中,厚的,金属贫乏的,集中的光盘人口作出显着贡献的恒星质量预算在内部星系。第二个模型是一个单一的磁盘与初始陡峭的径向金属丰度梯度,这是映射到B/P凸起的酒吧在这样一种方式,即垂直金属丰度梯度的MW凸起被复制-已经在以前的作品中所示的文献。然而,正如我们在这里所展示的,后一种模型并没有再现内盘的正纵向金属丰度梯度,也没有再现数据中所看到的隆起的金属贫乏的最内部区域。另一方面,具有共空间薄和厚圆盘种群的模型再现了所有上述趋势。因此,我们看到,它是可能的调和(主要)光盘起源的MW凸起与所观察到的趋势,金属丰度通过映射到一个b/p的内部薄和厚光盘的MW。对于这种情况下重现的意见,$α$增强,金属贫,厚光盘人口必须有一个显着的质量贡献的内部区域-已建议为银河系。
The disc origin of the Milky Way bulge: Dissecting the chemo-morphological relations using N-body simulations and APOGEE
关于银河系(MW)核球中贫金属恒星星族的起源有一个长期的争论,两种主要的假设是这些恒星族要么是i)经典贫金属椭球体的一部分,要么是ii)与太阳附近化学定义的厚盘相同的恒星族。在这里,我们测试后一种情况下是否可以重现所观察到的MW凸起的化学性质。要做到这一点,我们比较了一个复合(薄+厚)恒星盘的N体模拟-它长期演变形成一个酒吧和一个方形/花生(b/p)凸起-从APOGEE DR 13的数据。这个模型中厚盘是大质量的,并且集中在中心,可以再现核球中富金属和贫金属恒星星族的形态,以及从APOGEE数据获得的平均金属丰度和[ $α$ /Fe]图。它还再现了隆凸金属丰度分布函数(BMT)在经度和纬度上的趋势。此外,我们表明,该模型预测小,但可测量的方位角金属丰度的变化,由于在酒吧的薄,厚光盘的差分映射在内部光盘。因此,我们看到,MW核球中恒星星族的化学形态关系,可以通过将内部MW的薄盘和厚盘映射到b/p中而自然地再现。
4MOST Consortium Survey 3: Milky Way Disc and Bulge Low-Resolution Survey (4MIDABLE-LR)
银河系的形成和演化机制被编码在其恒星的轨道,化学和年龄中。通过4 MOST MILKY WAY Disk And BuLgE低分辨率巡天(4 MIDABLE-LR),我们的目标是研究银河系盘和凸起区域的运动学和化学子结构,其样本的大小前所未有,比单独使用盖亚或任何其他正在进行或计划中的巡天更大的距离和更高的精度。盖亚为我们提供了几乎完全基于视差和星等范围进行目标选择的独特机会,从而提高了利用定义明确和有效的选择函数对更大的银河系体积进行采样的效率。我们的主要目标是提供一个详细的时间-化学-运动学扩展的银河系地图和最大的盖亚随访到$G = 19$等(织女星)。盘组件的复杂性质(例如,银河系凸起和盘区域的大目标密度和高度结构化的消光分布)促使我们制定了一项调查策略,其中有五个主要的子调查,这些调查旨在回答关于我们银河系组装和演化的尚未解决的问题,同时充分利用盖亚数据。
With over 200 registered participants, this fully online conference allowed theorists and observers across the globe to discuss recent findings on the central structures of disc galaxies. By design, this conference included experts on the Milky Way, local and high-redshift galaxies, and theoretical aspects of galaxy formation and evolution. The need for such a broad range of expertise stems from the important advances that have been made on all fronts in recent years. One of the main goals of this meeting was accordingly to bring together these different communities, to find a common ground fo…
Red clump (RC) stars are one of the best stellar tracers of the structure of the Milky Way (MW) bulge. Here we report a new view of the double RC through luminosity and color distributions of RC stars in nine bulge fields ($l$ = 0.0$^{\circ}$, $\pm$4.5$^{\circ}$; $b$ = -6.0$^{\circ}$, -7.5$^{\circ}$, -9.0$^{\circ}$) from the Blanco DECam Bulge Survey (BDBS), which covers near-ultraviolet to near-infrared bandpasses. The bright and faint RCs show contrasting distributions in ($u-g$)$_{0}$ and ($u-i$)$_{0}$ colors but similar distributions in ($J-K_{s}$)$_{0}$ with a variation depending on the G…
Until the recent advent of $Gaia$ Data Release 2 (DR2) and deep multi-object spectroscopy, it has been difficult to obtain 6-D phase space information for large numbers of stars beyond 4 kpc, in particular towards the Galactic centre, where dust and crowding effects are significant. In this study we combine line-of-sight velocities from the Abundances and Radial velocity Galactic Origins Survey (ARGOS) spectroscopic survey with proper motions from $Gaia$ DR2, to obtain a sample of $\sim$ 7,000 red clump stars with 3-D velocities. We perform a large scale stellar kinematics study of the Milky W…