复杂运输网络从简单底层行为的涌现与动态演化
The Emergence and Dynamical Evolution of Complex Transport Networks from Simple Low-Level Behaviours
摘要：
真正的黏菌多头绒泡菌（Physarum polycephalum）是一个最近研究得很好的例子，它说明了复杂的运输网络如何从简单的自催化和自组织局部相互作用中产生，使结构和功能适应不断变化的环境条件和外部干扰。绒泡菌网络也表现出计算上可取的措施，运输效率的整体路径长度，最小的连接和网络弹性。虽然在基于实验环境中观察到的特征对绒泡菌网络（和其他生物运输网络）的行为进行数学建模方面取得了重大进展，但对它们的最初出现-特别是它们的长期持续性和进化-仍然知之甚少。我们提出了一个低层次的，自下而上的方法来建模的紧急交通网络。在耗散环境中，简单的颗粒状物质与旁分泌趋化行为相结合，导致持久的复杂结构的自发出现。二阶涌现行为，在网络表面最小化的形式，也观察到有助于网络的长期演化和动态。该框架被扩展到允许数据呈现和人口用于执行网络最小化问题的直接（空间）近似。采用三种方法，松散地联系到在不同的环境条件下的绒泡菌的行为。最后，对低层方法进行了总结，以期进一步研究。
英文摘要：
The true slime mould Physarum polycephalum is a recent well studied example of how complex transport networks emerge from simple auto-catalytic and self- organising local interactions, adapting structure and function against changing environmental conditions and external perturbation. Physarum networks also exhibit computationally desirable measures of transport efficiency in terms of overall path length, minimal connectivity and network resilience. Although significant progress has been made in mathematically modelling the behaviour of Physarum networks (and other biological transport networks) based on observed features in experimental settings, their initial emergence - and in particular their long-term persistence and evolution - is still poorly understood. We present a low-level, bottom-up, approach to the modelling of emergent transport networks. A population of simple particle-like agents coupled with paracrine chemotaxis behaviours in a dissipative environment results in the spontaneous emergence of persistent, complex structures. Second order emergent behaviours, in the form of network surface minimisation, are also observed contributing to the long term evolution and dynamics of the networks. The framework is extended to allow data presentation and the population is used to perform a direct (spatial) approximation of network minimisation problems. Three methods are employed, loosely relating to behaviours of Physarum under different environmental conditions. Finally, the low-level approach is summarised with a view to further research.
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