了解空间天气以保护社会：COSPAR和ILWS委托编写的2015-2025年全球路线图
Understanding space weather to shield society: A global road map for 2015-2025 commissioned by COSPAR and ILWS
摘要：
人们日益认识到，我们称之为空间天气的环境条件影响着为世界各地的耦合经济体提供动力的技术基础设施。随之而来的是需要通过改进预报、环境规范和基础设施设计来更好地保护社会免受空间天气的影响。[...]要加深对空间天气的了解，就需要采取协调一致的国际做法，通过观测驱动的模型有效地提供对日地系统内各种过程的认识。该路线图优先考虑了科学重点领域和研究基础设施，这些领域和研究基础设施是大大增进我们对各种强度的空间天气及其对社会影响的认识所必需的。通过增加旨在填补观测空白的小到中等水平的最新能力来改进现有系统观测站，将能够取得重大进展。这一战略需要采取紧急行动：关键工具需要得到维持，需要在核心能力因整体老化而丧失之前采取行动。我们建议通过以下优先重点取得进展：（1）在整个日地系统建立基于观测的模型，（2）在即将到来的日冕物质抛射的磁结构出现前12小时以上进行预报，（3）了解地球空间对可变太阳风应力的反应，这种应力会导致强烈的地磁感应电流以及电离层和辐射风暴，以及（4）制定空间气候的全面规范，包括描述极端空间风暴的特征，以指导技术基础设施的复原力和稳健工程。该路线图通过制定三个行动路径来整合其实施建议，并概述了每个行动路径所需的工具和研究计划以及基础设施。[...]
英文摘要：
There is a growing appreciation that the environmental conditions that we call space weather impact the technological infrastructure that powers the coupled economies around the world. With that comes the need to better shield society against space weather by improving forecasts, environmental specifications, and infrastructure design. [...] advanced understanding of space weather requires a coordinated international approach to effectively provide awareness of the processes within the Sun-Earth system through observation-driven models. This roadmap prioritizes the scientific focus areas and research infrastructure that are needed to significantly advance our understanding of space weather of all intensities and of its implications for society. Advancement of the existing system observatory through the addition of small to moderate state-of-the-art capabilities designed to fill observational gaps will enable significant advances. Such a strategy requires urgent action: key instrumentation needs to be sustained, and action needs to be taken before core capabilities are lost in the aging ensemble. We recommend advances through priority focus (1) on observation-based modeling throughout the Sun-Earth system, (2) on forecasts more than 12 hrs ahead of the magnetic structure of incoming coronal mass ejections, (3) on understanding the geospace response to variable solar-wind stresses that lead to intense geomagnetically-induced currents and ionospheric and radiation storms, and (4) on developing a comprehensive specification of space climate, including the characterization of extreme space storms to guide resilient and robust engineering of technological infrastructures. The roadmap clusters its implementation recommendations by formulating three action pathways, and outlines needed instrumentation and research programs and infrastructure for each of these. [...]
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
