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arXiv 1503.05969astro-ph.CO
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宇宙学暗物质模拟的Particle-in-Cell方法的收敛性

The Convergence of Particle-in-Cell Schemes for Cosmological Dark Matter Simulations

Andrew Myers, Phillip Colella, Brian Van Straalen

摘要:

粒子方法是求解同动坐标系中的Vlasov-Poisson方程的一种普遍工具,它被用来模拟膨胀宇宙中暗物质的引力演化。然而,已知这些方法在理想化的测试问题上产生差的结果,特别是在粒子轨迹交叉之后的后期。为了研究这一点,我们已经进行了一系列的一维和二维的“Zel'dovich煎饼”的计算,使用流行的粒子在细胞(PIC)的方法。我们发现,PIC确实可以收敛于这些问题提供了以下修改。第一个修改是通过引入一个小的,但有限的人工速度色散正则化的奇异初始分布函数。这个过程类似于可压缩气体动力学中的人工粘性,并且,与人工粘性一样,正则化的量可以定制,以便其在明确定义的区域之外的效果-在这种情况下,高密度焦散-很小。第二个修改是引入一个粒子重新映射程序,周期性地重新表达的暗物质分布函数使用一组新的粒子。我们描述了一个重映射算法,是三阶精度和自适应相空间。这个过程防止了在积分粒子轨迹时数值误差的积累,以免增长得足够大而显著地降低解的质量。一旦这两个变化,PIC收敛在二阶的泽尔多维奇煎饼问题,即使在后期,许多焦散线已经形成。此外,由此产生的计划不遭受非物理的,小规模的“结块”现象发生在煎饼问题时,扰动波矢量不与笛卡尔坐标轴之一对齐。

英文摘要:

Particle methods are a ubiquitous tool for solving the Vlasov-Poisson equation in comoving coordinates, which is used to model the gravitational evolution of dark matter in an expanding universe. However, these methods are known to produce poor results on idealized test problems, particularly at late times, after the particle trajectories have crossed. To investigate this, we have performed a series of one- and two-dimensional "Zel'dovich Pancake" calculations using the popular Particle-in-Cell (PIC) method. We find that PIC can indeed converge on these problems provided the following modifications are made. The first modification is to regularize the singular initial distribution function by introducing a small but finite artificial velocity dispersion. This process is analogous to artificial viscosity in compressible gas dynamics, and, as with artificial viscosity, the amount of regularization can be tailored so that its effect outside of a well-defined region - in this case, the high-density caustics - is small. The second modification is the introduction of a particle remapping procedure that periodically re-expresses the dark matter distribution function using a new set of particles. We describe a remapping algorithm that is third-order accurate and adaptive in phase space. This procedure prevents the accumulation of numerical errors in integrating the particle trajectories from growing large enough to significantly degrade the solution. Once both of these changes are made, PIC converges at second order on the Zel'dovich Pancake problem, even at late times, after many caustics have formed. Furthermore, the resulting scheme does not suffer from the unphysical, small-scale "clumping" phenomenon known to occur on the Pancake problem when the perturbation wave vector is not aligned with one of the Cartesian coordinate axes.

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