We present an analysis of the nature of the rapidly rotating, apparently single giant based on rotational and radial velocity measurements carried out by the CORAVEL spectrometers. From the analyzed sample, composed of 2010 spectroscopic, apparently single, evolved stars of luminosity classes IV, III, II, and Ib with spectral types G and K, we classified 30 stars that presented unusual, moderate to rapid rotation. This work reports, for the first time, the presence of these abnormal rotators among subgiant, bright giant, and Ib supergiant stars. To date, this class of stars was reported only among giant stars of luminosity class III. Most of these abnormal rotators present an IRAS infrared excess, which, in principle, can be related to dust around these stars.
A new two dimensional non-perturbative code to compute accurate oscillation modes of rapidly rotating stars is presented. The 2D calculations fully take into account the centrifugal distorsion of the star while the non perturbative method includes the full influence of the Coriolis acceleration. This 2D non-perturbative code is used to study pulsational spectra of highly distorted evolved models of stars. 2D models of stars are obtained by a self consistent method which distorts spherically averaged stellar models a posteriori. We are also able to compute gravito-acoustic modes for the first t…
In rapidly rotating stars Coriolis forces and centrifugal deformations modify the properties of oscillations; the Coriolis force is important for low-frequency modes, while the centrifugal deformation affects mainly p-modes. Here, we discuss properties of g- and r-mode oscillations in rotating stars. Predicted frequency spectra of high-order g-modes (and r-modes) excited in rapidly rotating stars show frequency groupings associated with azimuthal order $m$. We compare such properties with observations in rapidly rotating Be stars, and discuss what is learnt from such comparisons.
I will show that Be stars are, without exception, a class of rapidly rotating stars, which are in the majority of cases pulsating stars as well, while none of them does possess a large scale (i.e. with significant dipolar contribution) magnetic field.
We discuss steady viscous Keplerian decretion discs around rapidly rotating stars. We assume that low frequency modes, which may be excited by the opacity bump mechanism, convective motion in the core, or tidal force if the star is in a binary system, can transport an enough amount of angular momentum to the region close to the stellar surface. Under this assumption, we construct a star-disc system, in which there forms a viscous decretion disc around a rapidly rotating star because of the angular momentum supply. We find a series of solutions of steady viscous decretion discs around a rapidly…
Rapidly rotating stars show short-period oscillations in magnetic activity and polar appearance of starspots. The aim of this paper is to study large-scale shallow water waves in the tachoclines of rapidly rotating stars and their connection to the periodicity and the formation of starspots at high latitudes. Shallow-water magnetohydrodynamic equations were used to study the dynamics of large-scale waves at the rapidly rotating stellar tachoclines in the presence of toroidal magnetic field. Dispersion relations and latitudinal distribution of wave modes were derived. We found that low-frequenc…
Observations indicate that magnetic fields in rapidly rotating stars are very strong, on both small and large scales. What is the nature of the resulting corona? Here we seek to shed some light on this question. We use the results of an anelastic dynamo simulation of a rapidly rotating fully-convective M-star to drive a physics-based model for the stellar corona. We find that due to the several kilo Gauss large-scale magnetic fields at high latitudes, the corona and its X-ray emission are dominated by star-size large hot loops, while the smaller, underlying colder loops are not visible much in…
Apart from recent progress in Gamma Dor stars, identifying modes in rapidly rotating stars is a formidable challenge due to the lack of simple, easily identifiable frequency patterns. As a result, it is necessary to look to observational methods for identifying modes. Two popular techniques are spectroscopic mode identification based on line profile variations (LPVs) and photometric mode identification based on amplitude ratios and phase differences between multiple photometric bands. In this respect, the BRITE constellation is particularly interesting as it provides space-based multi-colour p…
We present and discuss results of a recently developped two dimensional non-perturbative method to compute accurate adiabatic oscillation modes of rapidly rotating stars . The 2D calculations fully take into account the centrifugal distorsion of the star while the non-perturbative method includes the full influence of the Coriolis acceleration. These characteristics allows us to compute oscillation modes of rapid rotators - from high order p-modes in $δ$Scuti stars, to low order p- and g-modes in $β$ Cephei or Be stars.
To fully understand the Be star phenomenon, one must have a reasonable degree of knowledge about the star beneath the disk, which is often found to be rapidly rotating. Rapid rotation complicates modelling because fundamental properties like the stellar luminosity and effective temperature require knowledge of the angle of inclina- tion at which the star is observed. Furthermore our knowledge of the structure of rapidly rotating stars is on a less sure foundation than for non-rotating stars. The uncertainties in the inclination and the surface properties of a few rapidly rotating stars have be…
Stochastic gravity waves have been recently detected and characterised in stars thanks to space asteroseismology and they may play an important role in the evolution of stellar angular momentum. In this context, the observational study of the CoRoT hot Be star HD 51452 suggests a potentially strong impact of rotation on stochastic excitation of gravito-inertial waves in rapidly rotating stars. In this work, we present our results on the action of the Coriolis acceleration on stochastic wave excitation by turbulent convection. We study the change of efficiency of this mechanism as a function of…
The ON stars are a rare subtype of O stars, of uncertain origin. We report two new, rapidly-rotating ON stars found in data acquired with the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope, LAMOST. LS I +61 28 is an ON8.5 Vn dwarf with a projected equatorial rotational velocity of $v_{\textrm e}\sin{i} \simeq 298$ km$\;$s$^{-1}$, while HDE 236672 is an ON9 IVn subgiant with $v_{\textrm e}\sin{i} \simeq 253$ km$\;$s$^{-1}$ The former is the first rapidly-rotating ON dwarf to be found, and the latter is only the third ON subgiant. The luminosity classes of non-supergiant ON stars appe…
This paper presents the results of a set of radiative hydrodynamic (RHD) simulations of convection in the near-surface regions of a rapidly rotating star. The simulations use microphysics consistent with stellar models, and include the effects of realistic convection and radiative transfer. We find that the overall effect of rotation is to reduce the strength of turbulence. The combination of rotation and radiative cooling creates a zonal velocity profile in which the motion of fluid parcels near the surface is independent of rotation. Their motion is controlled by the strong up and down flows…
We investigate differential rotation in rapidly rotating solar-type stars by means of an axisymmetric mean field model that was previously applied to the sun. This allows us to calculate the latitudinal entropy gradient with a rea- sonable physical basis. Our conclusions are as follows: (1) Differential rotation approaches the Taylor-Proudman state when stellar rotation is faster than so- lar rotation. (2) Entropy gradient generated by the attached subadiabatic layer beneath the convection zone becomes relatively small with a large stellar angu- lar velocity. (3) Turbulent viscosity and turbul…
Using the Two-dimensional Oscillation Program (TOP), we have explored the effects of rapid rotation on gravity modes in polytropic stars. Coriolis force, centrifugal distortion as well as compressible effects have been taken into account. Thanks to our complete calculation, we have first studied the validity domain of perturbative methods and started to explore properties of these modes. We focus on l=1 in this analysis.
It is thought that magnetic fields must be present in the interiors of stars to resolve certain discrepancies between theory and observation (e.g. angular momentum transport), but such fields are difficult to detect and characterise. Asteroseismology is a powerful technique for inferring the internal structures of stars by measuring their oscillation frequencies, and succeeds particularly with evolved stars, owing to their mixed modes, which are sensitive to the deep interior. The goal of this work is to present a phenomenological study of the combined effects of rotation and magnetism in evol…
We demonstrate that rapidly rotating bipolytropic (composite polytropic) stars and toroidal disks can be obtained using Hachisu's self consistent field technique. The core and the envelope in such a structure can have different polytropic indices and also different average molecular weights. The models converge for high $T/|W|$ cases, where T is the kinetic energy and W is the gravitational energy of the system. The agreement between our numerical solutions with known analytical as well as previously calculated numerical results is excellent. We show that the uniform rotation lowers the maximu…
We present Kepler light curves and optical spectroscopy of twenty X-ray bright stars located in the Kepler field of view. The stars, spectral type FK, show evidence for rapid rotation including chromospheric activity 100 times or more above the Sun at maximum and flaring behavior in their light curves. Eighteen of our objects appear to be (sub)giants and may belong to the class of FK Com variables, that is evolved rapidly spinning single stars with no excretion disk and high levels of chromospheric activity. Such stars are rare and are likely the result of W UMa binary mergers, a process belie…
The Fourier spectrum of the $γ$-Dor variable KIC 5608334 shows remarkable frequency groups at $\sim$3, $\sim$6, $\sim$9, and 11--12\,d$^{-1}$. We explain the four frequency groups as prograde sectoral g modes in a rapidly rotating star. Frequencies of intermediate-to-high radial order prograde sectoral g modes in a rapidly rotating star are proportional to $|m|$ (i.e., $ν\propto |m|$) in the co-rotating frame as well as in the inertial frame. This property is consistent with the frequency groups of KIC 5608334 as well as the period vs. period-spacing relation present within each frequency grou…
With new data from the Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey, we confirm and expand the ONn category of late-O, nitrogen-enriched (N), rapidly rotating (n) giants. In particular, we have discovered two "clones" (HD 102415 and HD 117490) of one of the most rapidly rotating O stars previously known (HD 191423, "Howarth's Star"). We compare the locations of these objects in the theoretical HR Diagram to those of slowly rotating ON dwarfs and supergiants. All ON giants known to date are rapid rotators, whereas no ON dwarf or supergiant is; but all ON stars are small fractions of their respective sp…
From an examination of ~18,000 Kepler light curves of K- and M-stars we find some 500 which exhibit rotational periods of less than 2 days. Among such stars, approximately 50 show two or more incommensurate periodicities. We discuss the tools that allow us to differentiate between rotational modulation and other types of light variations, e.g., due to pulsations or binary modulations. We find that these multiple periodicities are independent of each other and likely belong to different, but physically bound, stars. This scenario was checked directly by UKIRT and adaptive optics imaging, time-r…
When our Sun was young it rotated much more rapidly than now. Observations of young, rapidly rotating stars indicate that many possess substantial magnetic activity and strong axisymmetric magnetic fields. We conduct simulations of dynamo action in rapidly rotating suns with the 3-D MHD anelastic spherical harmonic (ASH) code to explore the complex coupling between rotation, convection and magnetism. Here we study dynamo action realized in the bulk of the convection zone for a system rotating at three times the current solar rotation rate. We find that substantial organized global-scale magnet…
One interpretation of the activity and magnetism of late-type stars is that these both intensify with decreasing Rossby number up to a saturation level, suggesting that stellar dynamos depend on both rotation and convective turbulence. Some studies have claimed, however, that rotation alone suffices to parametrise this scaling adequately. Here, we tackle the question of the relevance of turbulence to stellar dynamos by including evolved, post main sequence stars in the analysis of the rotation-activity relation. These stars rotate very slowly compared with main sequence stars, but exhibit simi…
We discuss the recent detection of a strong, organized magnetic field in the bright, broad-line B2V star, HD 142184, using the ESPaDOnS spectropolarimeter on the CFHT as part of the Magnetism in Massive Stars (MiMeS) survey. We find a rotational period of 0.50833 days, making it the fastest-rotating, non-degenerate magnetic star ever detected. Like the previous rapid-rotation record holder HR 7355 (also discovered by MiMeS: Oksala et al. 2010, Rivinius et al. 2010), this star shows emission line variability that is diagnostic of a structured magnetosphere.
We show that the solutions obtained in the paper `An exact solution for arbitrarily rotating gaseous polytropes with index unity' by Kong, Zhang, and Schubert represent only approximate solutions of the free-boundary Euler-Poisson system of equations describing uniformly rotating, self-gravitating polytropes with index unity. We discuss the quality of such solutions as approximations to the rigidly rotating equilibrium polytropic configurations.
This paper develops a novel numerical method for obtaining structures of rapidly rotating stars based on a self-consistent field scheme. The solution is obtained iteratively. Both rapidly rotating barotropic and baroclinic equilibrium states are calculated self-consistently using this method. Two types of rotating baroclinic stars are investigated by changing the isentropic surfaces inside the star. Solution sequences of these are calculated systematically and critical rotation models beyond which no rotating equilibrium state exists are also obtained. All of these rotating baroclinic stars sa…
We demonstrate that stability of r-modes in young rapidly rotating pulsars might be explained if one takes into account strong medium modifications of the nucleon-nucleon interaction because of the softening of pionic degrees of freedom in dense nucleon matter. Presence of the efficient direct Urca processes is not required. Within our model the most rapidly rotating observed young pulsar PSR J0537-6910 should have the mass $\geq 1.8M_{\odot}$.
Buoyancy-driven convection is likely the dominant driver of turbulent motions in the universe, and thus, is widely studied by physicists, engineers, geophysicists and astrophysicists. Maybe unsurprisingly, these different communities discuss the gross convective behaviors in different ways, often without significant cross-talk existing between them. Here, we seek to draw connections between these communities. We do so by carrying out a set of basic scale estimations for how heat and fluid momentum transport should behave in non-rotating, slowly rotating and rapidly rotating buoyancy-driven con…
We present an asymptotic theory that describes regular frequency spacings of pressure modes in rapidly rotating stars. We use an asymptotic method based on an approximate solution of the pressure wave equation constructed from a stable periodic solution of the ray limit. The approximate solution has a Gaussian envelope around the stable ray, and its quantization yields the frequency spectrum. We construct semi-analytical formulas for regular frequency spacings and mode spatial distributions of a subclass of pressure modes in rapidly rotating stars. The results of these formulas are in good agr…
The authors try to probe the inner components of rapidly rotating compact stars such as the millisecond pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658 and the possible sub-millisecond pulsar XTE J1739-285 in their own way by comparing the genuine rotation frequencies under different theoretical models with the observational data, which may exert more stringent constraint on matter composition of compact stars. According to their treatment, the SAX J1808.4-3658 is a star with exotic matter and XTE J1739-285 a hybrid star.
In certain mass ranges, massive stars can undergo a violent pulsation triggered by the electron/positron pair instability that ejects matter, but does not totally disrupt the star. After one or more of these pulsations, such stars are expected to undergo core-collapse to trigger a supernova explosion. The mass range susceptible to this pulsational phenomena may be as low as 50-70 Msun if the progenitor is of very low metallicity and rotating sufficiently rapidly to undergo nearly homogeneous evolution. The mass, dynamics, and composition of the matter ejected in the pulsation are important asp…
The asteroseismology of rapidly rotating pulsating stars is hindered by our poor knowledge of the effect of the rotation on the oscillation properties. Here we present an asymptotic analysis of high-frequency acoustic modes in rapidly rotating stars. We study the Hamiltonian dynamics of acoustic rays in uniformly rotating polytropic stars and show that the phase space structure has a mixed character, regions of chaotic trajectories coexisting with stable structures like island chains or invariant tori. In order to interpret the ray dynamics in terms of acoustic mode properties, we then use too…
By solving Laplace's tidal equations with friction terms we study the surface tide on a rapidly rotating body. When $ε=Ω^2 R/g$, the square of the ratio of dynamical timescale to rotational timescale, is very small for the Earth the asymptotic result was derived. When it is not so small, e.g. a rapidly rotating star or planet, we perform numerical calculations. It is found that when rotation is sufficiently fast ($ε$ reaches $0.1$) a great amount of tidal resonances appear. To generate the same level of tide, a faster rotation corresponds to a lower tidal frequency. Friction suppresses tidal r…
We consider a universal relation between moment of inertia and quadrupole moment of arbitrarily fast rotating neutron stars. Recent studies suggest that this relation breaks down for fast rotation. We find that it is still universal among various suggested equations of state for constant values of certain dimensionless parameters characterizing the magnitude of rotation. One of these parameters includes the neutron star radius, leading to a new universal relation expressing the radius through the mass, frequency, and spin parameter. This can become a powerful tool for radius measurements.
We consider an instability of rapidly rotating neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) with respect to excitation of r-modes (which are analogous to Earth's Rossby waves controlled by the Coriolis force). We argue that finite temperature effects in the superfluid core of a neutron star lead to a resonance coupling and enhanced damping (and hence stability) of oscillation modes at certain stellar temperatures. Using a simple phenomenological model we demonstrate that neutron stars with high spin frequency may spend a substantial amount of time at these `resonance' temperatures. This fi…
Optical interferometry provides us with a unique opportunity to improve our understanding of stellar structure and evolution. Through direct observation of rotationally distorted photospheres at sub-milliarcsecond scales, we are now able to characterize latitude dependencies of stellar radius, temperature structure, and even energy transport. These detailed new views of stars are leading to revised thinking in a broad array of associated topics, such as spectroscopy, stellar evolution, and exoplanet detection. As newly advanced techniques and instrumentation mature, this topic in astronomy is …
We investigate the dynamics of r modes at amplitudes in the nonlinear regime for rapidly but uniformly rotating neutron stars with a polytropic equation of state. For this, we perform three-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamical simulations, making the simplifying assumption of a fixed spacetime. We find that for initial dimensionless amplitudes around three, r modes decay on timescales around ten oscillation periods, while at amplitudes of order unity, they are stable over the evolution timescale. Together with the decay, a strong differential rotation develops, conserving the total angular …
In the present paper we examine gravitational wave asteroseismology relations for f-modes of rapidly rotating neutron stars. An approach different to the previous studies is employed - first, the moment of inertia is used instead of the stellar radius, and second, the normalization of the oscillation frequencies and damping times is different. It was shown that in the non-rotating case this can lead to a much stronger equation of state independence and our goal is to generalize the static relations to the rapidly rotating case and values of the spherical mode number $l\ge2$. We employ realisti…
The Traditional Approximation of Rotation (TAR) is a treatment of the hydrodynamic equations of rotating and stably stratified fluids in which the action of the Coriolis acceleration along the direction of the entropy and chemical stratifications is neglected because it is weak in comparison with the buoyancy force. The dependent variables in the equations for the dynamics of gravito-inertial waves (GIWs) then become separable into radial and horizontal parts as in the non-rotating case. The TAR is built on the assumptions that the star is spherical (i.e. its centrifugal deformation is neglect…
Neutron stars (NSs) in low-mass X-ray binaries rotate at frequencies high enough to significantly deviate from sphericity ($ν_* \sim$ 200--600 Hz). We investigate the effects of rapid rotation on the observational appearance of a NS. We propose analytical formulae relating gravitational mass and equatorial radius of the rapidly rotating NS to the mass $M$ and radius $R$ of a non-rotating NS of the same baryonic mass using accurate fully relativistic computations. We compute spectra from an oblate rotating NS observed at different inclination angles using the modified oblate Schwarzschild (MOS)…
