斑片状耀变体加热：星系际介质热历史的多样化
Patchy blazar heating: diversifying the thermal history of the intergalactic medium
摘要：
TeV-blazar可能会加热星系际介质（IGM），因为它们的伽马射线与河外背景光的光子相互作用产生电子-正电子对，这些电子-正电子对通过等离子体不稳定性将其动能损失到周围介质中。这导致了一种对局部密度仅弱敏感的加热机制，因此近似空间均匀，自然地在欠密区域产生反转的温度-密度关系。在本文中，我们超越了均匀加热的近似和量化的加热率波动，由于耀变体的集群分布，以及如何影响IGM的热历史。我们分析计算的过滤功能，涉及到加热率波动的底层暗物质密度场。我们在宇宙学代码GADGET-3中实现了它，并进行了大规模模拟，以确定不均匀加热的影响。我们表明，由于blazar集群，blazar加热是不均匀的z>= 2。在高红移时，温度-密度关系显示出重要的分散性，并呈现出未加热区域的低温包络，特别是在低密度和空隙内。然而，IGM的中位温度接近均匀情况下的中位温度，尽管在低红移时略低。我们发现耀变体加热比最初假设的要复杂，温度-密度关系也不是唯一的。我们的加热率波动分析模型与大规模模拟耦合良好，并提供了亚电网模型的经济有效的替代方案。
英文摘要：
TeV-blazars potentially heat the intergalactic medium (IGM) as their gamma rays interact with photons of the extragalactic background light to produce electron-positron pairs, which lose their kinetic energy to the surrounding medium through plasma instabilities. This results in a heating mechanism that is only weakly sensitive to the local density, and therefore approximately spatially uniform, naturally producing an inverted temperature-density relation in underdense regions. In this paper we go beyond the approximation of uniform heating and quantify the heating rate fluctuations due to the clustered distribution of blazars and how this impacts on the thermal history of the IGM. We analytically compute a filtering function that relates the heating rate fluctuations to the underlying dark matter density field. We implement it in the cosmological code GADGET-3 and perform large scale simulations to determine the impact of inhomogeneous heating. We show that, because of blazar clustering, blazar heating is inhomogeneous for z>= 2. At high redshift, the temperature-density relation shows an important scatter and presents a low temperature envelope of unheated regions, in particular at low densities and within voids. However, the median temperature of the IGM is close to that in the uniform case, albeit slightly lower at low redshift. We find that blazar heating is more complex than initially assumed and that the temperature-density relation is not unique. Our analytic model for the heating rate fluctuations couples well with large scale simulations and provides a cost-effective alternative to subgrid models.
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