Solar activity has significantly changed over the last two Schwabe cycles. After a long and deep minimum at the end of Cycle 23, the weaker activity of Cycle 24 contrasts with the previous cycles. In this work, the response of the solar acoustic oscillations to solar activity is used in order to provide insights on the structural and magnetic changes in the sub-surface layers of the Sun during this on-going unusual period of low activity. We analyze 18 years of continuous observations of the solar acoustic oscillations collected by the Sun-as-a-star GOLF instrument onboard the SoHO spacecraft. From the fitted mode frequencies, the temporal variability of the frequency shifts of the radial, dipolar, and quadrupolar modes are studied for different frequency ranges which are sensitive to different layers in the solar sub-surface interior. The low-frequency modes show nearly unchanged frequency shifts between Cycles 23 and 24, with a time evolving signature of the quasi-biennial oscillation, which is particularly visible for the quadrupole component revealing the presence of a complex magnetic structure. The modes at higher frequencies show frequency shifts 30% smaller during Cycle~24, which is in agreement with the decrease observed in the surface activity between Cycles 23 and 24. The analysis of 18 years of GOLF oscillations indicates that the structural and magnetic changes responsible for the frequency shifts remained comparable between Cycle 23 and Cycle 24 in the deeper sub-surface layers below 1400 km as revealed by the low-frequency modes. The frequency shifts of the higher-frequency modes, sensitive to shallower regions, show that Cycle 24 is magnetically weaker in the upper layers of Sun.
The Influence of Solar Flares on the Lower Solar Atmosphere: Evidence from the Na D Absorption Line Measured by GOLF/SOHO
据推测，太阳耀斑对太阳大气层的最深层有影响，但这种影响的观测证据很少。使用十年的测量Na D $_{1}$和Na D $_2$夫琅和费线，测量的GOLF船上SOHO，我们表明，这光球线确实是受耀斑。个别耀斑的影响被太阳振荡所掩盖，但基于条件平均的统计分析揭示了一个清晰的信号。虽然GOLF只能探测一个单一的波长在同一时间，我们表明，两翼的钠线仍然可以比较。变化的线不对称性可以被解释为在耀斑的峰值期间来自低层太阳大气的向上的等离子体运动，随后是向下的运动。
The recent claims of g-mode detection have restarted the search for these potentially extremely important modes. These claims can be reassessed in view of the different data sets available from the SoHO instruments and ground-based instruments. We produce a new calibration of the GOLF data with a more consistent p-mode amplitude and a more consistent time shift correction compared to the time series used in the past. The calibration of 22 years of GOLF data is done with a simpler approach that uses only the predictive radial velocity of the SoHO spacecraft as a reference. Using p modes, we mea…
In this letter, we explore the relationship between the solar seismic radius and total solar irradiance (TSI) during last two solar cycles using the uninterrupted data from space-borne instruments onboard {\it SoHO} and {\it SDO}. The seismic radius is calculated from the fundamental ({\it f}) modes of solar oscillations utilizing the observations from {\it SoHO}/MDI and {\it SDO}/HMI, and the total solar irradiance measurements are obtained from {\it SoHO}/VIRGO. Our study suggests that the major contribution to the TSI variation arises from the changes in magnetic field while the radius vari…
On the signatures of flare-induced global waves in the Sun: GOLF and VIRGO observations
最近，已经做出了一些努力来识别太阳和类太阳恒星中耀斑和磁活动的地震特征。在这项工作中，我们已经分析了从GOLF和VIRGO/SPM仪器，分别获得的磁盘集成的速度和强度观测的太阳，在船上的SOHO空间任务涵盖了几个连续的耀斑事件，从2011年2月11日至2011年2月17日，其中2011年2月11日相对平静，成为调查的“无效检验”。这些磁盘集成太阳作为一个明星的速度和强度信号的频谱分析的应用表明，有增强的权力的全球模式的振荡在太阳耀斑期间，相比，安静的一天。GOLF仪器利用形成于太阳上层光球层的Na I D谱线获得速度观测，而我们分析中所用的强度数据是由VIRGO/SPM仪器在862 nm处获得的，它形成于太阳光球层内。尽管这两种仪器使用两种不同的参数（速度v/s强度）对太阳大气的不同层进行采样，但我们发现这两种观测都显示了太阳耀斑引起的全球波的特征。这些结果足以识别类太阳恒星中恒星耀斑和磁场活动的星震特征。
The GOLF instrument on board SoHO has been in operation for almost 25 years but aging of the instrument has now strongly affected its performance, especially in the low-frequency p-mode region. At the end of the SoHO mission, the ground-based network BiSON will remain the only facility able to perform Sun-integrated helioseismic observations. Therefore, we want to assess the helioseismic performances of an échelle spectrograph like SONG. Indeed, the high precision of such an instrument and the quality of the data acquired for asteroseismic purpose calls for an evaluation of the instrument abil…
Fossat et al. (2017) recently reported detecting rotational splitting of g modes indirectly via the interaction with p modes observed directly by the GOLF instrument on SOHO. They concluded that the core of the Sun is rotating 3:8 ? 0:1 times faster than the surrounding radiative envelope. This is startling, partly because such rapid rotation almost contradicts direct inferences from the p-mode rotational splitting inferred from the same data. Moreover, the inferred amplitudes of the g modes appear to exceed the upper bound reported by Appourchaux et al. (2010). It is also suspect because the …
The questions whether the Sun shrinks with the solar activity and what causes this have been a subject of debate. Helioseismology provides means to measure with high precision the radial displacement of subsurface layers, co-called "seismic radius", through analysis of oscillation frequencies of surface gravity (f) modes. Here, we present results of a new analysis of twenty one years of helioseismology data from two space missions, Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO) and Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), which allow us to resolve previous uncertainties and compare variations of the seism…
We analyze Sun-as-a-star observations spanning over solar cycles 22 -- 24 from the ground-based network BiSON and solar cycles 23 -- 24 collected by the space-based VIRGO and GOLF instruments on board the {\it SoHO} satellite. Using simultaneous observations from all three instruments, our analysis suggests that the structural and magnetic changes responsible for modifying the frequencies remained comparable between cycle 23 and cycle 24 but differ from cycle 22. Thus we infer that the magnetic layer of the Sun has become thinner since the beginning of cycle 23 and continues during the current…
The detection of gravity modes is expected to give us unprecedented insights into the inner dynamics of the Sun. Within this framework, predicting their amplitudes is essential to guide future observational strategies and seismic studies. In this work, we predict the amplitude of low-frequency asymptotic gravity modes generated by penetrative convection at the top of the radiative zone. The result is found to depend critically on the time evolution of the plumes inside the generation region. Using a solar model, we compute the GOLF apparent surface radial velocity of low-degree gravity modes i…
The frequency, $ν_{\rm max}$, at which the envelope of pulsation power peaks for solar-like oscillators is an important quantity in asteroseismology. We measure $ν_{\rm max}$ for the Sun using 25 years of Sun-as-a-Star Doppler velocity observations with the Birmingham Solar-Oscillations Network (BiSON), by fitting a simple model to binned power spectra of the data. We also apply the fit to Sun-as-a-Star Doppler velocity data from GONG and GOLF, and photometry data from VIRGO/SPM on the ESA/NASA SOHO spacecraft. We discover a weak but nevertheless significant positive correlation of the solar $…
Minimising magnetic activity effects in PLATO observations: insights from the Sun-as-a-star
Uppsala University（乌普萨拉大学）；University of Warwick（华威大学）；INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania（意大利国家天体物理研究所卡塔尼亚天文台）；Université Paris Cité（巴黎西岱大学）；Université Paris-Saclay（巴黎萨克雷大学）；CEA（法国原子能和替代能源委员会）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；Imperial College London（伦敦帝国理工学院）
The precise shape of the Sun is sensitive to the influence of gravity, differential rotation, local turbulence and magnetic fields. It has been previously shown that the solar shape exhibits asphericity that evolves with the 11-year cycle. Thanks to the capability of the SoHO/MDI and SDO/HMI instruments to observe with an unprecedented accuracy the surface gravity oscillation (f) modes, it is possible to extract information concerning the coefficients of rotational frequency splitting, a1, a3 and a5, that measure the differential rotation, together with the a2, a4 and a6 asphericity coefficien…
