脉冲星与引力
Pulsars and Gravity
摘要：
脉冲星是奇妙的引力探测器。它们的微小尺寸和恒星质量使其旋转周期的稳定性与原子频率标准相当。这对于快速旋转的“毫秒脉冲星”（MSP）来说尤其如此。这些快速旋转的脉冲星中有许多与另一颗恒星在轨道上，允许脉冲星计时探测轨道运动的相对论扰动。脉冲星为相对论引力理论提供了最严格的检验，特别是在强场区域，并表明爱因斯坦的广义相对论是对观测到的运动的准确描述。许多其他的引力理论都被这些结果有效地排除了，或者至少受到了严重的限制。MSPs也可以用来组成“脉冲星定时阵列”（PTA）。PTA是银河系尺度的干涉仪，有可能直接探测来自天体物理源的纳赫兹引力波。在遥远星系的核心中环绕着超大质量黑洞运行的黑洞是最有可能被探测到的来源。虽然在PTA数据集中还没有发现引力波的证据，但最新的限制严重限制了目前关于早期宇宙中星系和黑洞演化的想法。
英文摘要：
Pulsars are wonderful gravitational probes. Their tiny size and stellar mass give their rotation periods a stablility comparable to that of atomic frequency standards. This is especially true of the rapidly rotating "millisecond pulsars" (MSPs). Many of these rapidly rotating pulsars are in orbit with another star, allowing pulsar timing to probe relativistic perturbations to the orbital motion. Pulsars have provided the most stringent tests of theories of relativistic gravitation, especially in the strong-field regime, and have shown that Einstein's general theory of relativity is an accurate description of the observed motions. Many other gravitational theories are effectively ruled out or at least severely constrained by these results. MSPs can also be used to form a "Pulsar Timing Array" (PTA). PTAs are Galactic-scale interferometers that have the potential to directly detect nanohertz gravitational waves from astrophysical sources. Orbiting super-massive black holes in the cores of distant galaxies are the sources most likely to be detectable. Although no evidence for gravitational waves has yet been found in PTA data sets, the latest limits are seriously constraining current ideas on galaxy and black-hole evolution in the early Universe.
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